Term
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Definition
| Gregorian Chant, church had power, Hildegard of Bingen, Organum, Guillaume de Machaut, Music of the court vrs the church, Beatriz Countess of Dia, |
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Term
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Definition
Texture:
most music is monophonic
polyphonic compositions (between two or four parts, non-imitative counterpoint)
Harmony:
monophonic lacks harmony
polyphonic compositions (dissonant chords within phrases, phrases end with open, hollow-sounding harmonies)
Rhythm:
Gregorian chant and early secular songs (no clearly marked rhythms or meter)
Polyphonic compositions (after 1180, triple rhythms and meters)
Timbre:
vocal music predominates
Instruments (little insrumental music survives, unique sound quality, some are ancestors of modern instruments, others became extinct)
Melody:
Narrow range, conjunct, syllabic vs. Melismatic |
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Term
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Definition
A large body of unaccompanied vocal music, setting sacred Latin texts, written for the Western (Roman Catholic) Church over the course of fifteen centuries
Has neither meter nor regular rhythms, monophony, no instruments, men and women couldn't sing together
Named in honor of Pope Gregory
Contained final and reciting tones that are predecessors of the tonic and dominant
meant to encourage pious reflection |
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Definition
| only one or two notes for each syllable of text |
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Definition
| many notes sung to just one syllable |
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Definition
Gregorian Chant time
991-1050
considered the father of modern staff notation
Somization (ut re mi fa) taken from the chat Ut Queant Lasix- eventually became modern sofedge (do re mi fa sol) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the name given to the early polyphony of the Western Church form the 9th- 13th centuries
2,3,or 4 part counterpoint
added to solo portions of chant (sung in long tones, new lines move more quickly)
Only performed by Soloists |
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Term
| Notre Dame School (Leonin and Perotin) |
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Definition
Clerics at Notre Dame of Paris and composers of organum
Magnus Liber Organi (book of religious music)
Rhythmic notation
used to enhance services for special occasions
"organum is early polyphony associated with the Notre Dame School"
created Tenor part in music |
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Term
| Troubadour, Trobairitz, Trouv'ere, Minnesinger |
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Definition
Music of the court, names used to describe poet-musicians who flourished
troubadours (fem trobairitz)
-active in southern France
-largest and most developed tradition
-songs of love that extolled the courtly ideals of faith and devotion
-in vernacular tongue
-no exact rhythm but sung in notes of more or less equal length
Trouveres
-Northern France
-Musical style led to Renaissance chanson
Minnesingers
-German secular musicians |
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Term
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Definition
1450-1600
period of "rebirth or reawakening"
renewed interest in the teaching, philosophy or the ancient greeks and romans, period of creativity and innovation
humanism |
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Term
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Definition
| a practice or study that focuses on human values and concerns, this was linked to the renewed interest in Greek and Roman texts, in music this means that more emphasis was placed on human creativity. Thus musicians were more highly respected and more well paid than in medieval times |
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Term
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Definition
| sacred polyphonic composition for voices with latin text, often from psalms, more vivid than those for the mass, music used to heighten meaning of text, not based on plainchant, composition for a choir, intended to be sung either in a church or at home in private devotion |
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Term
| Imitative Counterpoint (polyphony) |
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Definition
a type of counterpoint in which the voices or lines frequently use imitation
each voice duplicates the melody in succession imitation also between paired voices (paired imitation)
polyphony alternates with homophony |
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Term
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Definition
| most popular dance, slow, gliding dance in duple meter, performed by couples holding hands |
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Term
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Definition
| fast, leaping dance in triple meter |
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Term
| Reformation, Counter-Reformation, Council of Trent |
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Definition
Reformation 1517
-martin luther and his ninety-five theses
-complaints against the Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
-reaction of catholic church to protestant reformation
-corrected corruptions of administration and doctrine
-reexamined art, liturgy, and music
Council of Trent 1545-1563
-music a minor party of deliberations objected to textures that obscured text |
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Term
| Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina |
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Definition
1525-1594
called "the savior of church music"
-showed that clarity and beauty are not mutually exclusive
-master of counterpoint
-Missa Papae Marcelli (mass for pope marcellus)
--Gloria, hymn in honor of the majestic christ
--text is clearly declaimed, sung in homophony (block chords)
--rhythm emphasizes the accents of the latin text Angnus Dei, text remains clear and audible, but Palestrina uses imitation to overlap lines of text more gently |
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Term
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Definition
Composition for several solo voices (one on a part, chamber music)
-normally 4-5 parts
-men and women could sing together
-performed by amateur musicians
-popular: 40,000 pieces printed
-text a secular, non-latin, love poem
-vivid imagery of text enhanced by music- word painting
-love poems |
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Term
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Definition
music had one dominant melody with accompanying chords meant to sound Good with the melody
-characterized by grandeur, passionate expression of emotions, and drama
-instrumental music rivals vocal music in popularity
-strong recurring beat and use of meter
-dominant melodies with lots of ornamentation
-melodies supported by chord and a strong bass line called basso continuo |
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Term
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Definition
a system in which music is organized around a central not and the scale built on that note
-other notes have a hierarchal relationship to the central note
-not all music is tonal, but all modern popular music and the majority of western music since around 1600 is tonal
-central note called the tonic (do)
-establishes tonality
-melodies gravitate around the tonic
-second most important note is the dominant (sol)
-melodies often move from the tonic to the dominant and back again
-the chords based on these notes also have a hierarchal relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| a small ensemble of at least two instrumentalists who provide a foundation for the melody or melodies above; heard almost exclusively in baroque music |
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Term
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Definition
an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score
-sung dialogue (recitative) alternates with songs called arias
-features soloists and orchestra along with costumes, sets, etc
-originated in italy where it flourished
-eventually spread to all of europe
-although some operas are written in other languages (english/french), most are written in italian
-first opera, orfeo, written by claudio mnteverdi in 1607
-plot is advanced by speech-like singing called recitative alternating with songs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-musically heightened speech, often used in an opera, oratorio, or cantata to report dramatic action and advance the plot
-musically heightened speech through which the plot of the opera is communicated to the audience
-performed without a perceptible meter or beat, you can't tap your foot to it |
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Term
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Definition
-an elaborate lyrical song for solo voice
-more passionate, more expansive, and more tuneful than a recitative
-clear meter, more regular rhythms
-conveys what the character feels about those events
-brings the action to a halt so as to focus a spotlight on the emotional state of the singer
-work through text at a more leisurely pace; words are repeated to heighten their dramatic effect, and more important vowels are extended by means of vocal melismas |
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Term
| Early Opera (Claudio Monteverdi, Orfeo, Dido and Aeneas) |
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Definition
Claudio Monteverdi: wrote the first opera ever
Orfeo: first opera 1607
Dido and Aeneas: opera by Henry Purcell (1659-1695) Opera Aria, Dido says goodbye to Belinda (and all) before dying of a broken heart, descending chromatic bass line ostinato represents deep sadness |
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Definition
| a male adult singer who had been castrated as a boy to keep his voice from changing so that it would remain in the soprano or alto register |
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Definition
| (italian for "obstinate") a musical figure, motive, melody, harmony, or rhythm that is repeated again and again |
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Term
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Definition
| a motive or phrase in the bass that is repeated again and again |
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Definition
| a large instrumental ensemble that plays symphonies, overtures, concertos, and the like |
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Term
| Concerto (ritornello form) |
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Definition
-An instrumental genre in which one or more soloists play with and against a larger orchestra
-Use in baroque concertos, all or part of a main theme returns over and over again, Tutti plays ritornello themes, soloists also called concertino alternates with ritornello, performs virtuosic passages, free number of alternations (determined by composer) |
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Term
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Definition
| the repetition of a musical motive at successively higher or lower degrees of the scale |
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Term
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Definition
| a composition for three, four, or five parts played or sung by voices or instruments; begins with a presentation of a subject in imitation in each part and continues with modulating passages of free counterpoint and further appearance of the subject |
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Term
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Definition
| the term for the principal theme in a fugue |
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Term
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Definition
| in a fugue, the opening section, in which each voice in turn has the opportunity to present the subject; in sonata-allegro from, the principal section, in which all thematic material is presented |
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Term
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Definition
| a passage of free, nonimitative counterpoint found in a fugue |
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Term
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Definition
| a note, usually in the bass, sustained or continually repeated for a period of time while the harmonies change around it |
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Term
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Definition
| 1750-1820, age of enlightenment, Formal Clarity, clear tuneful melodies (less ornamented than baroque), simpler homophonic textures, harmony changes less frequently (used broken chords in bass called "alberti bass", greater variety of characters within a single piece (and more modulation), piano invented, public concerts held |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasis on scientific reasoning, rationality (reason) over superstition, Philosophers such as Voltaire, Locke, Rousseau, Issac Newton, Benjamin Franklin, Sought to promote reason and rationality in order to reform society, Monarchy had power then aristocracy then church |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern of accompaniment whereby, instead of having the pitches of a chord sound all together, the notes are played in succession to provide a continual stream of sound |
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Term
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Definition
| a multi-movement work for a solo instrument (or solo instrument and piano) |
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Term
| Sonata-Allegro Form (exposition, development, recapitulation) |
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Definition
used in symphonies, string quartets, concertos and sonatas, the first movement of the symphony
exposition: 2 themes contrasting in key and characters (1st in tonic key, second usually in the key of the dominant)
development: goes through multiple keys, borrows material from the exposition
recapitulation: restates the two themes from the exposition, but this time they are both in the tonic key |
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Term
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Definition
| a standard instrumental ensemble for chamber music consisting of a single first and second violin, a viola, and a cello; also the genre of music, usually in three or four movements, composed for this ensemble |
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Term
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Definition
| a genre of instrumental music for orchestra consisting of several movements; also, the orchestral ensemble that plays this genre |
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Term
| Hildegard of Bingen 'O rubor sanguinis' |
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Definition
| (O redness of blood) Medieval Period, composed circa 1150, chant sets Hildegard's starkly vivid text, Honors St. ursula, predominately melismatic |
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Term
| Henrey Purcell 'when i am laid in earth' from 'dido and aeneas' |
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Definition
Baroque Opera
Genre: opera aria (preceded by brief recitative)
dido says goodbye to belinda (and all) before dying of a broken heart
-descending chromatic bass line ostinato represents deep sadness |
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Term
| Johann pachelbel 'canon in D major' |
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Definition
Form: canon
Texture: Polyphonic (because of canon)
-use of a bass ostinato throughout the work
Baroque period |
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Term
| Antonio Vivaldi, Violin concerto in E major, 'no. 1 the spring' first movement, allegro |
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Definition
1725, late Baroque
-the first of four concertos entitles "the seasons"
-sonnet accompanies each concerto
-early example of program music |
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Term
| Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, 'eine kliene natchmusik' first movement |
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Definition
Genre: string serenade (not a symphony)
form: sonata allegro |
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Term
| Ludwig van Beethoven, 'the pathetique' piano sonata, first movement |
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Definition
| 1798, suggests passion and pathos, more virtuosic than any earlier sonata, emphasizes extremes of dynamics, tempo, and range, slow introduction suggests beethoven's style of improvisation, crashing chords return throughout the first movement, sonata form controls the passionate intensity |
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Term
| Ludwig van Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C minor, first movement |
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Definition
composed between 1804 and 1808, 4-note motive (short-short-short-long) in each movement, heroic style demonstrated in shift from minor to major, increased size of orchestra
form: sonata
fateful encounter with elemental forces |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 themes contrasting in key and characters (1st in tonic key, second usually in the key of the dominant) |
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Term
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Definition
| goes through multiple keys, borrows material from the exposition |
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Term
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Definition
| restates the two themes from the exposition, but this time they are both in the tonic key |
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Term
| Much of the music that has survived form the Medieval period is |
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Definition
| Sacred music, monophony, vocal music, compositions in Latin |
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Term
| What is early polyphony associated with the Notre Dame School? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which composers are associated with the Notre Dame School? |
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Definition
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Definition
| text changes with church calendar |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Medieval musical instruments |
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Definition
Hauts: loud instruments used for dance music, included the sackbut, shawm, cornetto, ancestors of the band
Bas: soft instruments, included the flute, recorder, fiddle, harp, ancestors of the orchestra |
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Term
| Regarded as the father of modern musical notation, Guido D'Arezzo developed a system called solmization, which is known today as... |
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Definition
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Term
| Which language was used for the music of the church? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
church music
Chant: hildegard of Bingen
Organum: leonin and Perotin
Late Medieval Polyphony (mass): Machaut |
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Term
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Definition
popular music
court music: troubadors
Biatriz, Countess of Dia, Guillame Dufay |
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Term
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Definition
church music
motet: josquin DePrez
Mass: Palestrina |
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Term
| Secular Renaissance music |
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Definition
popular music
dance music: Pavane and Galliard
Madgrigal |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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| What musical developments are from the baroque era? |
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Definition
| tonality, Chords, Strong Bass Lines |
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Term
| A music idea that is repeated over and over again is called |
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Definition
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Term
| In an opera, what is the sung dialogue called that alternates with songs called arias? |
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Definition
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Term
| Opera developed in which style period? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Pavane and Galliard are types of Renaissance...? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which composer, Haydn or Mozart, spent the majority of his career under the patronage of an aristocratic family? |
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Definition
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Term
| Gregorian chant is primarily in what meter? |
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Definition
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Term
| When music actively reflects the vividness of the text, it is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Polyphony during the Renaissance can best be described as |
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Definition
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Term
| Correct chronological order of the time periods |
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Definition
| Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical |
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Term
| Which composer is associated with the Counter-Reformation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which music invention is not associated with the baroque era? Alberti Bass, Tonality, Basso Continuo, or Claudio Monteverdi |
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Definition
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Term
| A melodic idea that is repeated as successively higher or lower levels is called a/an |
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Definition
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Term
| in a fugue, the primary idea or ______ alternates with free sections called ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| the opening section of the fugue, in which all four voices state the subject, is called the |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False Mozart wrote the libretto for the Marriage of Figaro |
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Definition
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Term
| in the marraige of figaro, figaro and susanna are |
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Definition
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Term
| the aria "se voul ballare" is |
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Definition
| expressing figaros anger at the count and a subtle message encouraging revolution against the aristocracy |
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Term
| Beethoven tragically suffered from ___ later in his life |
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Definition
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Term
| The first movements of Beethoven's Pathetique Sonata and his 5th Symphoy are in what form? |
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