when the majority of the physes of the limbs closed?

what are the exceptions?

by 1 year, except iliac crest (1-2.5 yrs) and the pelvis symphysis (5-6 yrs) and possibly the head of the humerus

what are the last physes of the shoulder and stifle to close?

head of the humerus (13 months) and the tibial tuberosity

when does the physis of the anconeal process close?

4-6 months (considered ununited if open at 6 months)

how many salter harris fracture types are there?

list them and what structures they involve

5

SH1: involves just the physis

SH2: physis and thru the metaphysis

SH3: physis and epiphysis

SH4: thru joint and across the physis

SH5: compression fracture of the physis

why do type 3 and 4 physeal fractures have a poorer prognosis than 1 and 2?

articular surfaces are involved, must be aligned anatomically or DJD

how are compression and traction physeal fractures treated?

compression:  immobilization

traction: immobilize and counteract pull of the attached muscle

why is the median nerve more in danger in the cat than dog if the humerus is fractured?

it is in the supraccondylar canal

what is the landmark for locating the heart valves during auscultation?

olecranon/point of the elbow in the 5th intercostal space

what is failure of the anconeal process to fuse with the ulna by six months of age?

 ununited anconeal process

what improper development commonly leads to arthritis of the elbow?

fragmented medial coronoid process

what small sesamoid bone on the medial side of the carpus may be mistaken for a chip fracture when seen in radiographs?

sesamoid bone of the oblique carpal extensor tendon

what must be removed when declawing to prevent regrowth?

dorsal part of the ungual crest

name the following fractures:

7a. bone twisted apart:

spiral fracture

7b. what fractures do and do not penetrate through the skin?

compound do, simple don't

7c. fracture where a bone of the skull is pushed inward:

depressed fracture

7d. what is the name for the separation of a small fragment of bone where a ligament or tendon attaches?

avulsion fracture

7e. fracture that is a small piece of bone chipped off a bone:

chip fracture

7f. flat piece of bone separates, common in horse carpal bones:

slab fracture

7g. fracture that splinters into many fragments:

comminuted fractures

7h. fracture where the broken ends of the bone are driven into each other:

impacted fracture

what is a piece of dead bone separated from the rest of the bone in osteomyelitis (it must be removed to heal)?

sequestrum

name three or four common sources to harvest cancellous bone:

tibial tuberosity

greater tubercle of humerus

greater trochanter of femur

wing of the ilium