Term
| What do anthropologists do? |
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Definition
Try to understand patterns of human and non-human primate adaptation through time and space.
(in the words of Thu) |
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Term
| What is Applied Anthropology? |
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Definition
Branch of anthropology that concerns itself with applying anthropological knowledge to the achievement of practical human goals.
Basically - applying anthropological knowledge to understand and help with practical human goals.....help achieve human goals..... |
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Term
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Definition
______: anthropologists who do practical projects but who are generally employed in academia. (think THU!)
_____: anthropologists who do practical projects but who are generally employed outside academia. |
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Term
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Definition
Society for Applied Anthropology (SfAA)
National Association of Practicing Anthropologists (NAPA)
Local Practitioner Organizations (LPOs)
Chicago Association for Practicing Anthropologists |
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Term
| What do practicing anthropologists do???? |
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Definition
Private Sector 44%
Consulting 32%
For-profit business 4%
Public Sector 26%
Federal 13.7%
State 8.4%
Local 3.5%
Not-For-Profit 19%
Private Sector: majority consultant working on projects—research, marketing, planning, & management. |
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Term
Bureau of Labor Statistics: Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2008-2009 Ed.
Social Scientists???? |
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Definition
About 41 percent of these workers are employed by governments, mostly by the Federal Government.
The educational attainment of social scientists is among the highest of all occupations, with most positions requiring a master’s or Ph.D. degree.
Overall employment is projected to grow about as fast as the average for all occupations, but varies by specialty.
Job seekers may face competition, and those with higher educational attainment will have the best prospects.
Research is a major activity of many social scientists, who use a variety of methods to assemble facts and construct theories.
Applied research usually is designed to produce information that will enable people to make better decisions or manage their affairs more effectively…Collecting information takes many forms, including conducting interviews and questionnaires to gather demographic and opinion data, living and working among the population being studied, performing other field investigations, and experimenting with human or animal subjects in a laboratory.
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Term
| Social Scientists Job Outlook |
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Definition
Employment change. Overall employment of social scientists is expected to grow 10 percent from 2006 to 2016, about as fast as the average for all occupations. However, projected growth rates vary by specialty.
Anthropologists, sociologists, and historians are projected to grow about as fast as average. Employment of geographers and political scientists is projected to grow more slowly than average, reflecting the relatively few opportunities outside of the Federal Government. |
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Term
Areas of Applied Anthro???
Jobs??? |
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Definition
Forensic Anthropology
Cultural Resource Management
Business/Corporate Anthropology
International Development
Applied linguistics
Medical Anthropology
Education
Environment
Peace Corps
Advisor to non-governmental organizations, e.g. U.S. Agency for International Development.
United Nations
Forensic anthropology or coroner’s investigator
Environmental consultant
Private Non-profit organizations
National Parks Service
Archaeology: Cultural Resource Management
University counselor
Government
Education
Medical & public health |
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Term
The application part: making change happen
hardest part of anthro??? |
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Definition
The most difficult part of applied anthropology.
The most rewarding part of applied anthropology.
It takes patience, commitment.
Most importantly, it takes a passionate desire for social, economic, political, and environmental justice. |
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Term
Two grad student discussion leaders for Paredes and Goldschmidt articles:
What are the primary influences shaping applied anthropology?
What are the tensions between theory and practice and what does Goldschmidt suggest be done? |
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Definition
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Term
concepts revisted
What is ethnocentrism?
Culture?
What is fieldwork?
What is an ethnography?
What is the “noble savage”? |
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Definition
________: The belief that your culture or society is better than another.
---judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture. Ethnocentric individuals judge other groups relative to their own ethnic group or culture, especially with concern for language, behavior, customs, and religion.
________: a system of shared and learned beliefs passed down from generation to generation - this varies from culture to culture.
_____: practical work conducted by a researcher in a "natural" environment, not in a lab or office.
_____: scientific description of the customs of individuals and cultures - usually a book or journal about findings in research of one particular group.
_______: a representative of primitive humankind as idealized in Romantic literature, symbolizing the innate goodness of humanity when free from the corrupting influence of civilization. |
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Term
| Main overview to remember about ethics regarding the US: |
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Definition
Ethics and U.S. Research legacy:
Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
Belmont report, 1979.
Title 45 Code of Federal Regulations.
IRBs
Consent |
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Term
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Definition
all codes of ethics (morals, do no harm, guidelines for responsibility)
What is the code intended to do?
Educate and dialogue; preservation, respect for dead.
Preservation and presentable to public; focus on public
Foster discussion and education
Guide to professional behavior
To whom are you responsible?
The dead & living primates, related groups, funders, public, academics, local communities
Local govt, private entities, students, teachers, native americans, museums
The people you work with, scholars and science, public, students….
The community you’re resarching, profession, students, public, sponsors
Are you responsible to multiple entities?
AAPA: yes
SAA: Yes
AAA: Yes
SfAA: Yes
Can you describe scenarios whereby you might have conflicting responsibilities with more than one entity? |
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Term
Society for Applied Anthropology. As members or fellows of the society, we shall act in ways consistent with the responsibilities stated below irrespective of the specific circumstances of our employment:
Responsibility to...... |
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Definition
responsibility to....based on ________ codes of ethics:
Responsibility to the people we study, to give them disclosure of our research goals, methods, and sponsorship. We will maintain confidentiality.
To the communities we are working with we owe respect for their dignity and worth.
To our social colleagues we have the responsibility to not engage in actions that impede their reasonable professional activities.
To our students, interns, or trainees, we owe nondiscriminatory access to our training services.
To our employers and other sponsors we owe accurate reporting of our qualifications and competent, efficient, and timely performance of the work we undertake for them. |
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Term
| Ethics = responsibilities to ????? |
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Definition
_____ = responsibilities to:
Our individual research participants.
The communities affected by our activities.
Colleagues.
Students.
Employers & sponsors.
Public at large. |
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Term
Contacted by Environmental Division in April, 2001.
Two cases prosecuted by Illinois AG on behalf of the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency:
Illinois v. Henco, Inc.
Illinois v. Highlands (Murphy), Inc.
Premise of Case?? |
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Definition
Air pollution case based upon Illinois law: “Air pollution is the presence in the atmosphere of one or more contaminants in sufficient quantities and of such characteristics and duration…to unreasonably interfere with the enjoyment of life or property.”
How do you know what’s unreasonable interference with “enjoyment of life”?
You call an anthropologist. |
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Term
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Definition
Separates individual from community.
Assumption that individuals subject to protection, not neighborhoods, villages, or communities (or households, villages, moieties, clans, etc.)
By-product of medical model of human subject protection that focuses on the individual.
Medical model is the basis for the human subject protection process/structure in the IRB consent form that Judge Tenold reviewed. |
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Term
Gorgendiere: Ethics & HIV/AIDS Research in Africa
Methods?? |
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Definition
What is the nature of the research she was affiliated with in Zaire?
Original intent: socio-behavioral factors involved in HIV transmission
Changed to a study of the research team and process
Double blind: 100 participants with and 100 participants without HIV
Health care providers assess whether symptoms of HIV present without actual knowledge of HIV status
----ethical dilemma - participants originally were not told if they had hiv.
G interviewed 10, she did not know their HIV status (7 women, 3 men; turns out 5 women were positive; men unclear, though two had HIV positive partners)
So what are the ethical problems?
Did the participants know the nature of the study?
Did this lack of knowledge increase their risk?
Is deception always forbidden? |
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Term
| Tuskegee Syphilis experiment |
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Definition
Between 1932 and 1972, the U.S. Public Health Service conducted an experiment on 399 black men in the late stages of syphilis.
These men, for the most part illiterate sharecroppers from one of the poorest counties in Alabama, were never told what disease they were suffering from or of its seriousness.
The data for the experiment was to be collected from autopsies of the men, and they were thus deliberately left to degenerate under the ravages of tertiary syphilis. “As I see it,” one of the doctors involved explained, “we have no further interest in these patients until they die.”
By the end of the experiment, 28 of the men had died directly of syphilis, 100 were dead of related complications, 40 of their wives had been infected, and 19 of their children had been born with congenital syphilis.
How had these men been induced to endure a fatal disease in the name of science? |
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Term
in response to the Tuskegee experiments -
TITLE 45 code of federal regulations |
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Definition
Policy for protection of human “subjects”: common rule.
Creation of Institutional Review Boards
Charged with safeguarding rights and welfare of research subjects.
Establish institutional policy: franchise of DHHS Office for Human Research Protections
Review all research activities involving human “subjects” |
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Term
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Definition
institutional review board
Charged with safeguarding the rights and welfare of human subjects.
Duties include establishing institutional policy and reviewing all research activities at an institution.
Members include: faculty, SPS, nonscientists, and community members.
“Franchise” of Federal Gov’t (DHHS Office for Human Research Protection). |
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Term
| Forming your research problem/question |
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Definition
Difference in applied approaches.
Issues to consider:
Relevance
Clarity & focus
Feasibility
Assumptions
Responsiveness to previous work
Preliminary fieldwork and revisions
Of interest and enjoyable to you |
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Term
Industrial agriculture and applied anthro:
EXAMPLE: THUS work
Farmer health crisis: |
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Definition
PROBLEM: The health of farmers, farm workers, and their families.
Agriculture has had the 2nd highest occupational fatality rate in the country for the past 20 years. It is 6 times higher than the average for all occupations.
10% of agricultural workers experience a disabling injury EACH YEAR.
Nearly half of all survivors of farm trauma are permanently impaired. |
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Term
needs to understand socioeconomic conditions and farmer health issues
what's appropriate question to ask?? |
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Definition
Larger farms.
Less labor available.
Longer working hours.
Isolated work in close proximity to larger machinery.
All of the above connected to elevated stress.
Question:
What are the factors that create stressful conditions for farmers placing them at risk for health problems?
Applied result:
Deal with the factors creating stress. |
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