Term
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Definition
Procencephalon (forebrain)
-Telencephalon
-Diencephalon
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
-Metencephalon
-cerebellum
-pons
-Myelencephalon
-medulla |
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Term
|
Definition
Frontal Lobe
-thinking, planning & central executive functions
Parietal Lobe
- somatosensory perception, integration of visual & somatospinal information
Temporal Lobe
-language function amd auditory perception involved with long term memory and emotion
Occipital Lobe
- visual perceptin and processing |
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Term
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Definition
Largest lobe
-occupies 1/3 of the hemisphere
Contains 3 important cortices
-Primary motor cortex
- Premotor cortex
- Prefrontal cortex
Major gyri
-superior
- middle
- inferior |
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Term
| Key Areas of Frontal Lobe |
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Definition
Premotor and Motor Strip
-initiates voluntary and fine motor movements
Prefrontal cortex
Broca's Speech center
-inportant in translating thought into speech
-word formation center
-when damaged results in inability to speak (aphasia) |
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Term
| Key connections in Frontal Lobe |
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Definition
Frontothalamic
Frontostriatal
Frontolimbic
Frontocotical
-extensive reciprocal connections of the frontal lobes with sensory association areas
-most notably the inferior parietal lobe and then anterior temporal cortex |
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Term
| Functions of the Frontal Lobe |
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Definition
Considered our emotional control center and home to our personality
The frontal lobes are involved in:
-motor function - problem solving
-spontananeity - memory
- language - planning
- organization - initiation
- judgment - emotion
- reasoning - selevtive attention
- impulse control - social behavior
- sexual behavior |
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Term
| Functions of the Frontal Lobe |
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Definition
There are important asymmetrical differences in the frontal lobes
-left: involoved in controlling language
- right: involved in non-verbal abilities
**However, with many people, both lobes are involoved in nerarly all behavior** |
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Term
|
Definition
Broca's aphasia
-disorder of verbal expression
Paralysis
- loss of simple movements and various body parts
Sequencing
- inability to plann a sequence of complex movements
Preseveration
- persistence of a single thought
Attending
- inability to focus on task
Emotional lability
- mood changes
Poor memory |
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Term
|
Definition
Broca's aphasia
-disorder of verbal expression
Paralysis
- loss of simple movements and various body parts
Sequencing
- inability to plann a sequence of complex movements
Preseveration
- persistence of a single thought
Attending
- inability to focus on task
Emotional lability
- mood changes
Poor memory |
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Term
| Frontal Lobe Pathologies cont. |
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Definition
Flat affect
-little spontaneous facial expression
Changes in social behavior
Changes in personality
Difficulty with problem solving
Loss of spontaneity in interacting with others
Loss of mental flexibility
Alterations in sexual behavior |
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Term
| Frontal Lobe Pathologies cont. |
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Definition
Language distrubance
-Dynamic Aphasia (Luria)
- Similar to TCM aphasia
- Well- perserved motor speech
- No anomia
- Repetition is intact
- Difficulty in propositionizing
- Active speech is severely disturbed |
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Term
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Definition
Disinhibited, impulsive behavior ( pseudopychopathic)
Inappropriate jocular affect, euphoria
Emotional lability
Poor judgment and insight
Distractibility |
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Term
Frontal convexity syndrome |
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Definition
Apathy(occasional brief angry outbursts)
Indifference
Psychomotor retardation
Motor perseveration and impersistence
Loss of self
Stimulus-bound behavior
Discrepant motor and verbal behavior |
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Term
Motor programming deficits in Frontal Lobe |
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Definition
3 step sequences
Alternating movements
Rhythm tapping |
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Term
Medial frontal syndrome
Akinetic |
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Definition
Paucity of spontaneous movement and gesture
Sparse verbal output –(repetition may be preserved)
Lower extremity weakness and loss of sensation
Incontinence |
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Term
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Definition
Located between frontal and occipital lobe and above temporal lobe
Concerned with perception of somatic sensation, sensory experience, and integration of mixed-modality information |
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Term
Key areas of parietal lobe |
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Definition
Somatosensory area
-Sensation and perception
-Integrates sensory information to form a single perception (cognition)
Integrating system of sensory input, primarily with the visual system
-Constructs a spatial coordinate system to represent the world around us |
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Term
Important gyri in the parietal lobe |
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Definition
Postcentral gyrus
Superior gyrus
Inferior gyrus
Angular gyrus
Supramarginal gyrus |
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Term
Functions of parietal lobe |
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Definition
Location of visual attention
Location for sensation and perception
Goal directed voluntary objects
Integration of different senses that allows for understanding a single concept |
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Term
Damage to the left parietal lobe
Can result in Gerstmann’s Syndrome |
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Definition
Right-left confusion
Agraphia- difficulty with writing
Acalculia- difficulty with mathematics
Aphasia- disorders of language
Agnosia- inability to perceive objects normally |
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Term
Parietal Lobe - Bilateral Damage
Can cause Balint’s Syndrome |
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Definition
Ocular apraixia- inability to voluntarily control the gaze
Simultanagnosia- inability to integrate components of a visual scene
Optic ataxia- inability to accurately reach for an object with visual guidance |
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Term
Observed Pathologies of Parietal Lobe |
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Definition
Apraxia-lack of awareness of certain body parts and/or surrounding space that leads to difficulties in self-care
Anomia- inability to name object
Agraphia- inability to locate the words for writing
Anosagnosia- denial of deficits
Alexia- problems with reading |
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Term
Observed Pathologies in Parietal Lobe (cont.) |
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Definition
Contralateral neglect- neglecting part of the body or space
Constructional apraxia- right side damage can also cause difficulty in making things
Dyscalculia- difficulty with doing mathematics
Difficulty in distinguishing left from right
Inability to focus visual attention |
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Term
Observed Pathologies in Parietal Lobe (cont.) |
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Definition
Difficulties with eye hand coordination
Difficulty with drawing objects
Inability to attend to more than one object at a time
Memory deficit |
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