Term
| Barron v. Baltimore (1833) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gitlow v. New York (1925) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith (1990) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Schenck v. United States (1919) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Miller v. California (1973) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| New York Co. v. Sullivan (1964) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| New York Co. v. U.S. (1971) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| McDonald v. Chicago (2010) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Due Process and Rights of the Accused |
|
|
Term
| Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) |
|
Definition
| Due Process and Rights of the Accused |
|
|
Term
| Miranda v. Arizona (1966) |
|
Definition
| Due Process and Rights of the Accused |
|
|
Term
| Furman v. Georgia (1972) and Gregg v. Georgia (1976) |
|
Definition
| Due Process and Rights of the Accused |
|
|
Term
| United States v. Leon (1984) |
|
Definition
Due Process and Rights of the Accused
Leon was watched under police surveillance by the tip of an anonymous person. Police asked a judge for a search warrant of Leon's home due to suspicion from the surveillance and found illegal drugs. Yet, the exclusionary rule requires that evidence illegally acquired must be excluded from criminal trials.
The justices ruled that evidence seized by a mistakenly issued search warrant could be introduced at trial. The exclusionary rule is not a right but a way to control illegal police conduct. |
|
|
Term
| New Jersey v. T.L.O (1985) |
|
Definition
Due Process and Rights of the Accused
T.L.O. was 14 when she was accused of smoking in her school bathroom. A principal searched her pursue and found marijuana.
The Supreme Court decided that the search did not violate 4th and 14th amendments setting aside that searches are conducted if there is a "probable cause" and the person has broken the law. |
|
|
Term
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) |
|
Definition
Equal Protection: Minorities
Homer Adolph Plessy did not obey the state of Louisiana's law which required separate railway cars for blacks and whites. He was seven-eighths Caucasian-and took a "whites only" seat in a train and was arrested.
Supreme Court ruling upheld state-imposed racial segregation and said that it is not an infringement of both the privileges and immunities and the equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. |
|
|
Term
| Korematsu v. United States (1944) |
|
Definition
Equal Protection: Minorities
During World War II, Presidential Executive Order and congressional statutes gave the military authority to exclude citizens of Japanese ancestry from areas deemed critical to national defense. Korematsu disobeyed the order by staying in California.
The court ruled that protecting the U.S. outweighed Korematsu's rights. i.e. Congress and the president did not overuse their power to limit Japanese descendants. |
|
|
Term
| Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) |
|
Definition
Equal Protection: Minorities
Black kids were not allowed to attend white public schools even though the schools have equal in terms of supplies, buildings, teachers...
Since racial segregation creates a sense of inferiority in black kids, the court agreed 9-0 that the segregation violated the 14th amendment. |
|
|
Term
| Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) |
|
Definition
Equal Protection: Minorities
A white male, Allan Bakke applied twice for admission to the University of California at Davis and got rejected because of the "qualified" minorities had reserved seats as a part of the affirmative action of the University. Bakke argued that he was discriminated only on the basis of race.
The court split into 5 votes for Bakke and 4 against. So, the court helped Bakke but also extended affirmative action. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Equal Protection: Minorities
Two males involved in homosexual activity were arrested and fined under Texas law that prohibited same sex sexual acts.
In a 6-3 vote, the court ruled unconstitutional the Texas law that banned sexual acts between same sex couples. |
|
|
Term
| Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) and Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) |
|
Definition
Equal Protection: Minorities
Both cases are based on rejection from the University of Michigan which uses race as a factor to admit and balance diversity.
For Grutter, Supreme Court decided that Equal Protection Clause of the 14th amend. does not stop the university from choosing its students in highly individualized review of application.
As for Gratz, the Court decided that race based admission violates the Equal Protection Clause and Title VI. |
|
|
Term
| Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) |
|
Definition
Equal Protection: Privacy
Griswold was the Executive Director of the Planned Parenthood League of Connecticut. She was convicted under CT law for counseling married couples about contraceptives and unwanted pregnancy.
Even though the right to privacy is not explicitly stated in the constitution, the Bill of rights and the amendments protect privacy in married couples. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Equal Protection: Privacy
Texas law prohibits abortion except to save the pregnant mother's life. Despite this, Roe wanted to abort her pregnancy.
Supreme Court ruled that women have control over choosing to abort during the first trimester of their pregnancy. The second and third trimesters can be manipulated by the state interest. |
|
|
Term
| Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) |
|
Definition
Equal Protection: Privacy
Pennsylvania's legislature passed a law requiring informed consent, a 24 hour waiting period, consent of one of the parent for a minor, and notification of the husband before abortion of pregnancy. Notifying husband was stuck down by the court of appeals, the others were kept. Yet, clinics and women were deeply unsatisfied by the violation of their right given under Roe v. Wade.
The Supreme Court upheld Roe v. Wade. It also created a standard that asks if a state abortion regulation imposes "undue burden" on the woman; this keeps all the provisions of the PA law except the husband notification. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Equal Protection: Elections
Following the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board, and Vice President Al Gore's claim for votes in Miami-Dade County, Florida created a tension in the result of 2000 election. Votes in all Florida counties were order to be recounted. Bush filed a request for review in the Supreme Court.
Supreme Court declared unconstitutional the recount of votes because he Equal Protection clause guarantees citizens that their ballots cannot be reevaluated by "later arbitrary and disparate treatment." |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Voting and Elections
1. 527 Group |
|
Definition
| Definition: 527s are tax exempt organizations who can receive unlimited campaign funding Relevance:527s support issues, like "Swift Boat For Veterans," and not candidates. They play a major role in tipping the attitudes of voters towards any candidate because they support issues instead of candidates and have the freedom of not being controlled by the FEC. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
2. Agenda Setting |
|
Definition
Definition: Agenda setting is the act of providing the agenda Congress discusses about by creating influence.
Relevance: The president as a Chief Legislator sets the agenda for Congress using his power of persuasion to interest the public in a certain area and telling congressmen to focus on the issue. The media sets agendas too, by arising public interest. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
3. Amicus Curiae Brief |
|
Definition
Definition: Amicus Curiae briefs are briefs to the Supreme Court that provide background information and opinions on how to decide on the case.
Relevance: The briefs give interest groups and concerned citizens a chance to affect the decision of the Supreme Court. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
4. Appellate Jurisdiction |
|
Definition
Definition: Appellate jurisdiction is the jurisdiction where the case is heard on appeal.
Relevance: Appellate jurisdictions are courts where a group or person who lost a case in original jurisdiction appeals. |
|
|
Term
Unit 1: Government Foundations
5. Articles of Confederation |
|
Definition
Definition: a loose document the framers wrote upon forming their own country. It is the grievances of the founders.
Relevance: A spring board to the constitution. Shows weakness of a confederacy. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
6. Balancing the Ticket |
|
Definition
Definition: Presidents seek to balance the ticket by nominating a vice president who can fulfill their weakness.
Relevance: A president's weakness is race (Hispanic/black vice president for a white president) south- north, female-male, and expert in certain areas like foreign policy. |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Voting and Elections
7. Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (2002) |
|
Definition
Definition: Also called "McCain-Feingold." BCRA is the second attempt to limit campaign finiance. It increased contributions to $2000/person, banned "soft money" and required "I am... approve..." on ads.
Relevance: BCRA is relevant in creating 527's where donations from "soft money" shifted to. |
|
|
Term
Unit 1: Government Foundations
8. Block Grants |
|
Definition
Definition: Block grants are federal grants given to support broad programs.
Relevance: Such grants are specially relevant because they do not require states to comply with federal policies or mandates in order to get them. |
|
|
Term
| Unit 3: Voting and Elections
9. Buckley v. Valeo (1976) |
|
Definition
Definition: is a supreme court case which challenges FECA. The decision strikes down limits on spending based on the 1st amendment right to free speech.
Relevance: It frees campaign spending, expenditure by groups and candidates use of personal money. It set the precedent that limit on campaign spending violate constitution |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
10. Budget and Impoundment Control Act (1974) |
|
Definition
Definition: The act prohibits the president from spending less than the amount(impound) Congress allocated.
Relevance: Less can only be spent if the Congress allows it. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
11. Bully Pulpit |
|
Definition
Definition: President's easy access to the media and public which gives him/ her the power of persuasion.
Relevance: This gives the president power to set legislative agendas. Bully Pulpit is coined from president Theodore Roosevelt. |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Linkage Institutions
12. Candidate-Centered Press Coverage |
|
Definition
Definition: This is a symbiosis between the press and candidates.
Relevance: The press gets access to politicians for political content and politicians need media coverage to convey ideas and personal images. |
|
|
Term
Unit 1: Government Foundations
13. Categorical Grants |
|
Definition
Definition: Categorical grants are federal grants that must be used for a particular issue for which the federal government gives it out to.
Relevance:Categorical grants are important because they increase the power of federal government on state governments. |
|
|
Term
Unit 2: Political Culture and public opinion
14. Civil Service System (Merit System) |
|
Definition
Definition: Merit system is the process of hiring people because of their ability to perform the job.
Relevance: Merit system opposes the patronage system and creates a democratic work system. |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Linkage Institutions
15. Closed Primary |
|
Definition
Definition: Closed primary is a primary election where only registered voters of the party vote.
Relevance: Closed primary enhances party loyalty. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
16. Cloture |
|
Definition
Definition: Cloture is the ending of a filibuster in senate with 3/5 vote.
Relevance: Cloture is very important to thwart or delay a bill from becoming a law. |
|
|
Term
Unit 1: Government Foundations
17. Commerce Clause |
|
Definition
Definition: Commerce clause is an enumerated power in Art 1 sec . It grants the federal government to regulate commerce between states.
Relevance: Commerce clause has been expanded in several court case and expanded to give federal government more power on trade. |
|
|
Term
Unit 1: Government Foundations
18. Concurrent Powers |
|
Definition
Definition: concurrent powers are powers which both federal and state governments have.
Relevance: Concurrent powers are a huge indication of the federalism because they ensure flow of instructions (policies, e.t.c) and communication from the sides of both state and federal government. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
19. Conference Committees |
|
Definition
Definition: Conference committees are Committees of Congress composed of members from both houses.
Relevance: These committees settle differences in ideas and compromise on a bill to be sent to the president for approval. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
20. Congressional Budget Office |
|
Definition
Definition: CBO is a government agency that provides economic data to Congress.
Relevance: CBO helps Congress in passing a law by providing factual information about economy of the country. |
|
|
Term
Unit 1: Government Foundations
21. Cooperative Federalism |
|
Definition
Definition: Cooperative federalism is a concept of federalism in which national, state, and local governments interact cooperatively t solve problems.
Relevance: Such federalism enhances faster growth in economic and social life, besides strengthening the federalism. |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Voting and Elections
22. Critical Election (Realigning Election) |
|
Definition
Definition: is an election that shifts party coalitions and usually introduces a new party era.
Relevance: Historically different coalitions such as African-Americans, and southern democrats have changed positions hugely affecting elections |
|
|
Term
Unit 1: Government Foundations
23. Devolution |
|
Definition
Definition: The transfer of power to a lower level by central government to regional administration.
Relevance: Devolution gives more power to local and state governments to make more decisions such as on budget. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
24. Discharge Petition |
|
Definition
Definition: Discharge petition is the process of taking a bill out of a committee and to the floor without committee reports.
Relevance: Discharge Petition is usually exercised in state legislatures and house of representatives. |
|
|
Term
Unit 1: Government Foundations
25. Divided Government |
|
Definition
Definition: Divided Government is a government where one party controls one or both houses of Congress and the other party controls the White House.
Relevance: Divided government creates a policy gridlock as the parties have differing views. |
|
|
Term
Unit 1: Government Foundations
26. Dual Federalism |
|
Definition
Definition: Dual federalism is a federalism type where state and national government act independently in their own spheres.
Relevance: Dual federalism is not used now. It places limits on federal government. |
|
|
Term
Unit 1: Government Foundations
27. Earmarks |
|
Definition
Definition: Earmark is federal government grant which will be given out for projects.
Relevance: Earmarks influence the reelection of a congressman because the district/ state he/she serve will appreciate money for any project intended. |
|
|
Term
Unit 1: Government Foundations
28. Elastic Clause |
|
Definition
Definition: This is the necessary and proper clause in Art 1 sec 8 where Congress has the power to make laws to execute existing laws.
Relevance: The clause invites Congress to make laws which it deems appropriate. |
|
|
Term
Unit 1: Government Foundations
29. Enumerated Powers/ Expressed Powers |
|
Definition
Definition: Enumerated powers are listed in Art 1 sect 8 which state the power of Congress.
Relevance: These powers draw a line between powers of national and state governments. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
30. Executive Agreement |
|
Definition
Definition: Executive agreement is similar to a treaty. The president makes agreement with other countries with out the need of Congress's approval.
Relevance: Executive agreements are sometimes said to be unconstitutional and in violation of the separation of powers. |
|
|
Term
Unit 1: Government Foundations
31. Federalist 10 |
|
Definition
Definition: Federalist 10 is among the federalist papers written by James Madison. It talks about how to stop factions.
Relevance: Federalist 10 is a foreshadow of interest groups. Madison says that a large republic is the answer to avoid strong factions. It says that the way to stop factions is to clear the cause or the control their effects. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
32. Executive Order |
|
Definition
Definition: Executive orders are orders from the president which command government officials how to interpret a law or execute a policy.
Relevance: Executive orders came out of Art. 2 Sec 1 of the Constitution which says, "take care that the laws are faithfully executed." |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
33. Executive Privilege |
|
Definition
Definition: President's privilege to keep information secret so as to keep sensitive information safe.
Relevance: This assures separation of powers and gives the president the freedom to execute secret missions. |
|
|
Term
Unit 1: Government Foundations
34. Factions |
|
Definition
Definition: Factions are present day interest groups. They have different interest in political, economic or social issues.
Relevance: Factions are important in creating pluralism. |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Voting and Elections
35. Federal Election Campaign Act (1974) |
|
Definition
Definition: FECA is a congressional act specifically called FCRA (Federal Campaign Regulation Act)that limit campaign donation and spending. PACs were allowed to give $5000 per election and candidate; individuals to $1000.
Relevance: FECA created FEC to administer campaign finances. |
|
|
Term
Unit 1: Government Foundations
36. Federalism |
|
Definition
Definition: a system of government where power is shared between central and state governments.
Relevance: The basis of our system of government. It grants states some independence and power, as written on the 10th amendment. |
|
|
Term
| Unit 1: Government Foundations
37. Federalist 10 |
|
Definition
Definition: written by James Madison and discusses how to control political factions. Controlling the effects is a reasonable solution over removing the causes of factions.
Relevance: factions are present day interest groups. The federalist 10 writes on them long before they appear consolidated. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
38. Filibuster |
|
Definition
Definition: Filibuster is debating continuously in the senate as a way to delay the passage of a bill.
Relevance: Filibusters have the potential to keep a bill from being passed into a law, unless clotures by 60% of the senate stop them. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
39. Formal Amendment Process |
|
Definition
Definition: An amendment should be passed by both houses of Congress with a 2/3 majority. Then it should be approved by 3/4 of state legislatures.
Relevance: This process guarantees the constitutionality of amending laws and popular sovereignty. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
40. Franking Privilege |
|
Definition
Definition: This is the privilege that congressman has to send mails to constituents for free.
Relevance: The privilege keeps constituent in touch and informed about their congressman. |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Voting and Elections
41. Free Rider Problem |
|
Definition
Definition:is the benefiting large groups of population when an interest groups fights for a desired outcome.
Relevance: Free rider problem is relevant in that it raise the question of whether or not to join an interest group, because the people enjoy the outcomes (laws) anyway. |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Voting and Elections
42. Frontloading |
|
Definition
Definition: Frontloading is bringing the date of a primary or Caucus earlier.
Relevance: This allows a party to gain more attention in the state the primary/Caucus is held. |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Voting and Elections
43. Gender Gap |
|
Definition
Definition: Gender gap is the differing degree of women and men inclination to support conservative or liberal candidates.
Relevance: Women have been historical more conservative and liberal depending on the issue. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
44. Germane/ Non-Germane Amendments |
|
Definition
Definition: Non-Germane amendments are amendments made on the floor of Congress with out much relevance or connection to the bill. Germane amendments are amendments on the floor which are strictly relevant to the bill.
Relevance: Non-Germane amendments allow bills to change their nature and include other provision congressmen want. |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Voting and Elections
45. Gerrymandering |
|
Definition
Definition: Gerrymandering is redistricting in order to benefit the party who redistricts.
Relevance: Gerrymandering affects election results by allowing a candidate to win a certain district only or letting him/her win by a small margin in several districts. |
|
|
Term
| Unit 1: Government Foundations
46. Gibbons v. Ogden (1924) |
|
Definition
Definition: Supreme court case which ruled that Congress has the power to regulate interstate commerce based on the commerce clause.
Relevance: This court case expanded the meaning of commerce clause to embrace traffic. |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Voting and Elections
47. Grassroots Lobbying/ Grassroots Mobilization |
|
Definition
Definition: is going public and providing the issue to the public through media.
Relevance: This method of shaping policy urges the public to influence its congressmen to act on the issue. |
|
|
Term
Unit 1
48. Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) |
|
Definition
Definition: The resolution of VA and NJ plans on congress set up and votes.
Relevance: It makes congress bicameral, allowing VA plan the house of representatives based on population and NJ plan the senate based on 2 per state. |
|
|
Term
| Unit 1: Government Foundations
49. Heart of Atlanta v. United States (1964) |
|
Definition
Definition: This is a court case which ruled that Congress can use the commerce clause to force hotels to abide by the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Relevance: The case set a precedent that commerce clause includes interstate businesses. |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Linkage Institutions
50. Horserace Journalism |
|
Definition
Definition: This is a type of journalism where the media supports the underdog, or the no-so-competent candidate, to create a close political race.
Relevance: Media benefits from such close races because more people will want to hear about such competent elections. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
51. House and Senate Appropriations Committees |
|
Definition
Definition: These are committees in the Congress which deal with budget and money.
Relevance: Appropriations bill can only start in the House. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
52. House Rules Committee |
|
Definition
Definition: This committee decides how voting and debate will occur.
Relevance: Senate does not have this committee and always follows the same rules. While the House limits the amount of time a congressman speaks, the senate does not. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
53. House Ways and Means Committee |
|
Definition
Definition: This committee is concerned about taxation.
Relevance: The committee writes tax legislations and bills that affect the economy, social security e.t.c |
|
|
Term
Unit 1: Government Foundations
54. Hyperpluralist Theory |
|
Definition
Definition: This is a political theory where contending groups are strong and too many that government is weakened.
Relevance: Hyper pluralism foreshadows the effect to growing pluralism and growing interest groups. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
55. Iron Triangle (Subgovernments) |
|
Definition
Definition: A stable relationship between federal agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees to advance preferred bills.
Relevance: Iron triangles are difficult for presidents and the bureaucracy to penetrate. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
56. Judicial Activism |
|
Definition
Definition: Judicial activism is a belief that judges should use their position to bring favorable social ends.
Relevance: This belief opposes that judges should not "legislate from the bench." |
|
|
Term
Unit 1: Government Foundations
57. Judicial Review |
|
Definition
Definition: is the power of the judicial branch set by Marbury v. Madison in 1803. The courts can declare laws unconstitutional and interpret the constitution in a different way.
Relevance: Judicial review allows justices to check on executive and legislative branches. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
58. Line-Item Veto |
|
Definition
Definition: Line-Item veto is a now outlawed way of vetoing part of an appropriations bill. It started in 1996.
Relevance: 43 out of 50 state governors have this power. Also, it was ruled unconstitutional in Clinton v. city of New York in 1998. |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Linkage Institutions
59. Litigation |
|
Definition
Definition: is taking a person, group, or law to court and debating to get a favorable result.
Relevance: Interest groups use this policy shaping method to check on the legislative branch and interests of other interest groups. |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Linkage Institutions
60. Lobbying |
|
Definition
Definition:shaping policies or securing earmarks by providing information and expertise to congressmen.
Relevance: very important because interest groups have almost become the fourth branch of government and influence policies a lot by providing campaign donations to candidates. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
61. Logrolling |
|
Definition
Definition: This is voting for a bill of a member and securing support on a future bill.
Relevance: Logrolling allows congressmen to get support on bills they want to see passed. |
|
|
Term
Unit 1: Government Foundations
62. Mandates (or Unfunded Mandates) |
|
Definition
Definition: mandates are grants to state and local government that come with terms of policies or penalties to follow.
Relevance: mandates strengthen the dependence of states on federal government, thereby strengthening the federalism. |
|
|
Term
| Unit 4: National Institutions
63. Marbury v. Madison (1803) |
|
Definition
Definition: The court case sets the precedent that Supreme Court has the power to declare the acts of the other two branches unconstitutional.
Relevance: This is the most important case and has elevated the power of the Supreme Court. |
|
|
Term
| Unit 1: Government Foundations
64. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) |
|
Definition
Definition: Supreme court case which ruled that states can't tax national government.
Relevance: The "necessary and proper" clause in the constitution allows the federal government to create banks in states. |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Linkage Institutions
65. Open Primary |
|
Definition
Definition: This is a type of primary election where all registered voters all allowed to vote in a democratic or republican primary.
Relevance: The practice hurts the best candidate of a party as voters with the other party's identification may vote for the second best candidate. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
66. Open Rules/ Closed Rules |
|
Definition
Definition: These are ways the two houses of congress rule voting and debate.
Relevance: The House uses closed rule and the representatives are not expected to make amendments to a bill once it gets to the floor. The senate uses open rules and senators can make non-germane amendments to bills on the floor, besides being able to speak to or for the bill with out time limit. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
67. Original Jurisdiction |
|
Definition
Definition: Original Jurisdiction is the first court a case is heard.
Relevance: Original Jurisdiction have juries who hear cases thereby decreasing the load on appellate and Supreme Courts. |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Linkage Institutions
68. Party Coalition |
|
Definition
Definition: Party Coalition is a group of people with a similarity of interest and support one party. example: Hispanic coalition
Relevance: When party coalitions change into a different party, a party's possibility of winning increases. |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Linkage Institutions
69. Party Dealignment |
|
Definition
Definition: Party dealignment refers to the weakening of people identifying with a party and increase in number of people identifying as independent.
Relevance: |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Linkage Institutions
70. Party Era |
|
Definition
Definition: Party Era is a period of time where one political party dominated the country in consequent elections.
Relevance: Party era establishes the rule of the country in the favor of either political party for a long period of time. |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Linkage Institutions
71. Party Machine |
|
Definition
Definition: Party machine is a political organization who reward people with jobs for being a supporter of a party.
Relevance: Party machines, now outlawed, made jobs depended on party identification. |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Linkage Institutions
72. Patronage |
|
Definition
Definition: Patronage is the act of a political candidate awarding office to his/ her friends upon winning government office.
Relevance: This is a result of the spoils system. |
|
|
Term
Unit 1: Government Foundations
73. Pluralist Theory |
|
Definition
Definition:Pluralist theory supports pluralism, a view of politics where multiple groups with multiple interests bargain and compromise to rule.
Relevance: This theory is relevant because it stands at the core of democracy. It allows opinions of different groups to surface and influence ruling. |
|
|
Term
Unit 1: Government Foundations
74. Plurality |
|
Definition
Definition: Part of democracy which is demonstrated through getting most of the votes less than 50%.
Relevance: This is relevant in electing presidents. Single member plurality system stems from this. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: Institutions of National Government
75. Pocket Veto |
|
Definition
Definition: Pocket veto is the way a president can veto a bill by doing nothing if congress adjourns before ten days of sending the bill.
Relevance: This is important because it allows the president to oppose congress's bill. |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Linkage Institutions
76. Political Action Committee (PAC) |
|
Definition
Definition:groups formed by interest groups (as required by FEC) to donate campaign money to candidates $5000 per election.)
Relevance: very important in election process because usually a loophole forms that lets more money be given to candidates. |
|
|
Term
Unit 2: Political Culture and public opinion
77. Political Apathy |
|
Definition
Definition: Political apathy is loosing interest in politics.
Relevance: Political apathy results in lesser political efficacy and lesser participation of the public in politics. |
|
|
Term
Unit 2: Political Culture and public opinion
78. Political Efficacy |
|
Definition
Definition: This is the trust of citizens in their ability to shape the government.
Relevance: Political efficacy is the gateway to active political participation and high voter turnouts. |
|
|
Term
Unit 2: Political Culture and public opinion
79. Political Socialization |
|
Definition
Definition: Political socialization is the process through which young citizens get their political beliefs.
Relevance: Political socialization prepares young citizens to the politics and with what ideas they will side with to better their life. |
|
|
Term
Unit 2: Political Culture and public opinion
80. Popular Sovereignty |
|
Definition
Definition: Popular sovereignty is a principle that states that the will of the people is the source of political power.
Relevance: Popular sovereignty allows people to be the ultimate source of power in democracy. |
|
|
Term
Unit 2: Political Culture and public opinion
81. Pork-Barrel Spending |
|
Definition
Definition: The term refers to the appropriation of government spending for projects primarily to bring money to a representative of a district.
Relevance: Pork-Barrel spending make the representative have a big chance to win reelection. |
|
|
Term
Unit 2: Political Culture and public opinion
82. Realigning Election |
|
Definition
Definition: Realigning election or critical election changes a party era.
Relevance: Such elections are caused by a party coalition switching sides. |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Linkage Institutions
83. Redistricting |
|
Definition
Definition: Redistricting is making boundaries to congressional districts.
Relevance: It is relevant in that redistricting provides a candidate with a set of voters to gain votes from though an elector of the district. |
|
|
Term
Unit 1: Government Foundations
84. Reserved Powers |
|
Definition
Definition: reserved powers are powers kept for the state governments because they are not stated as powers of federal government in the constitution
Relevance: Reserved powers create balance to the federalism because they allow discretion of making their own laws to states. |
|
|
Term
Unit 1: Government Foundations
85. Rule of Law |
|
Definition
Definition: Rule of law is a principle where law, not the people who govern, rule the governed.
Relevance: Everybody is under the rule of law in a democratic society. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
86. Rule of Propinquity |
|
Definition
Definition: Rule of Propinquity states that a person physically closer to the president has more influence.
Relevance: This creates a different view towards the president's assistants, putting the cabinet members further away and the chief of staff much closer. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
87. Rulemaking |
|
Definition
Definition: Rulemaking is the process where executive and independent agencies create regulations from broad legislations passed.
Relevance: Rulemaking gives agencies discretion to make policies. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
88. Senatorial Courtesy |
|
Definition
Definition: Senatorial Courtesy refers to the act of the president conferring with a senator to select a justice from the state the senator is from.
Relevance: Senatorial Courtesy allows the senator to have a voice in the election of a justice of his/her favor. |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Linkage Institutions
89. Seniority System |
|
Definition
Definition: Seniority system allows longest serving congressmen to be committee head.
Relevance: For example, president pro tempore is nominated using the seniority system. |
|
|
Term
Unit 1: Government Foundations
90. Shay's Rebellion |
|
Definition
Definition: Shays' Rebellion was an armed uprising of farmers against Massachusetts government from 1786 to 1787.
Relevance: It showed the weakness of the confederation and called for the Constitutional Convention. |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Linkage Institutions
91. Single-Member Plurality Districts |
|
Definition
Definition:are districts where a candidate with the most votes takes all electoral votes.
Relevance: relevant because the election system is based on single-member plurality system. Redistricting stems from this system. |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Linkage Institutions
92. Soft Money |
|
Definition
Definition: Soft Money is the campaign contribution not regulated by the FEC because it goes to "party-building," "issue ads" and "get-out-the-vote efforts."
Relevance: It is money which goes to PACs but not regulated like Hard Money. It brings about BCRA. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: National Institutions
93. Solicitor General |
|
Definition
Definition: Solicitor general is the person who represents the U.S. government in court cases where U.S. is a party.
Relevance: Solicitor general provides argument in favor of the U.S., its Constitution and amendments. |
|
|
Term
| Unit 4: National Institutions
94. Stare Decisis |
|
Definition
Definition: Stare Decisis is a practice of the Supreme Court to stand in favor of a precedent when ruling on a case.
Relevance: Stare Decisis allows Supreme Court not to disturb the undisturbed matters. |
|
|
Term
Unit 1: Government Foundations
95. Supremacy Clause |
|
Definition
Definition: The supremacy clause is Art 4 clause 2 which states that the Constitution is the supreme law of the land.
Relevance: The supremacy clause assures the integrity of the U.S. in reference to making laws. All other state laws which contradict the Constitution cannot be in effect. |
|
|
Term
Unit 3: Linkage Institutions
96. Ticket Splitting |
|
Definition
Definition: Ticket splitting is a common practice when independent citizens prevail. They vote for one party for senator and the other party for representative, maybe a third party for state governor.
Relevance: Ticket splitting creates a government where both parties have considerable dominance that a political gridlock appears. |
|
|
Term
| Unit 1: Government Foundations
97. U.S. v. Lopez (1995) |
|
Definition
Definition: Supreme court case which stroked down Gun-Free School Zone Act of 1990.
Relevance: It placed limit of the use of Commerce Clause. |
|
|
Term
| Unit 4: National Institutions
98. U.S. v. Nixon (1974) |
|
Definition
Definition: Supreme Court ruled that executive privilege exist, but it is not an absolute right.
Relevance: This court case determined the limit of executive privilege. |
|
|
Term
Unit 4: Institutions of National Government
99. War Powers Resolution (1973) |
|
Definition
Definition: This resolution allows the president to use the military force for 60 days without approval from Congress. In addition, the president must inform Congress within 48 hours.
Relevance: This resolution limits the "imperial presidency" even though presidents claimed it unconstitutional. |
|
|
Term
| Unit 4: National Institutions
100. Writ of Certiorari |
|
Definition
Definition: Writ of certiorari is an approval of the Supreme Court to hear a case which a petitioner( the group who lost the case in circuit court) asked.
Relevance: Writ of certiorari allows the petitioner to be heard in an even higher court- the Supreme Court. |
|
|
