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1.The revival of art and literature under the influence of classical models in the 14th–16th centuries.
2.The culture and style of art and architecture developed during this era.
3. It was a time of rebirth after the dark ages.
4. It was a movement for the elite
5. Florence, Italy was the center
6. Started to take pride in the individuals ability |
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| a association of all northern german cities. it was a commercial and military association. it also was a monopoly of timber, fish, grain, metals, honeyand wines |
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| Florence, Milan, Venice, the Papal States, Naples |
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| These were 5 major states of the Renaissance. Florence: governed by merchant and manipulated the republican government. Milan: tried to centralize, its focus was on commericial to up its revenue. Venice: embarked on the conquest to protect food and trade routes. Papal States: pope didnt live here so cities were able to become independent. Naples: hard a backward monarchy, it was poor so did not expierence the Renaissance. |
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| A very powerful family who dominated Florence. They also started the greatest bank in europe. |
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| was a dominant family in Milan. They managed to keep harmony in the cities that they ruled. |
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| was the wife of Montefetro. she was well educated and when her husband was absent she ruled Urbino successfully. |
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| Book of Courtier by Castiglione |
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| This book was written to tell courtiers the right way to behave and act. |
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| She was intelligent and politically wise. she was good at art and one of the infulential woman of the Renaissance. |
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| This was a system used by the 5 major italian states so that one did not become big and dominate the others. |
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| this was signed in 1454 and it ended the was and kept peace for 40 years. |
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| he servise of Florentine republic in 1498. he wrote the prince telling them that they must be both loved and feared by their nation. |
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| was the study of classics of rome and greece. it was secuar. it preduced teachers and lecturers |
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| people could no longer live in solitude. the intellicutals lived an active life and did service to the state as advisors ect. |
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| were studied. math history english art ect. |
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| was the father of humanisim. he was from avignon but stayed in italy as the guests of many princes. she studied latin manuscripts and said cicero was the prince of language. |
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| was the synthesis of christianity and platonism. it said all people were bound together by love and sympathetic feelings. Spirtatual love was important and so was the hierarchy of substances. Plants to God. |
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| this stressed occult sciences like astrology and magic. it had theological and philosophical beliefs. it saw the divinity embodied in all aspects of life and saw humankind as divine and the choosen ones to enter the material world. you could retrieve this by purification of the soul. |
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| was an Italian Renaissance philosopher, he proposed to defend 900 theses on religion, philosophy, natural philosophy and magic against all comers, for which he wrote the famous Oration on the Dignity of Man, which has been called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance", and a key text of Renaissance humanism and of what has been called the “Hermetic Reformation |
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| wrote 'History of Florentine people' with emphasis on secularization and de-emphasized divine intervention. |
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| of Mainz was an influenctial in printing he designed the moveable type. |
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| a great artist in the Renaissance. his primary goal was the imitation of nature. he studied everything including dissecting human bodies |
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| he made the statue David the first human size statue. it reflected simplicity and strength that reflected dignity of humans. |
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| was a painter she painted loads of madonnas and the famous school of athenes. |
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| painter, sculture and architect. he painted the sistine chapel. |
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| was one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance. He is perhaps most famous for his studies of linear perspective and engineering the dome of the Florence Cathedral, but his accomplishments also include other architectural works, sculpture, mathematics, engineering and even ship design. |
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| the best part of the Renaissance. it was the end of the 15th century artists had created a new environment. there was new techniques for science observation and individual creative expression. there was the increasing importance of rome as a culture center. |
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| they focused on the portrayal of their world and the human form as a vehicle of expressing. there were lots of gothic buildings with stained glass windows. |
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| first to use oil paint and he paid alot ot attention to detail. he studied at the school in flanders. |
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| he was the master in the laws of perspective and proportion. he studied in italy and was influenced by them. |
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| was french and changed the composition of music from mass to secular songs. this showed that music was no longer just for god. |
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| the new monarchs that came up centalized power and consolidated authority. France: Charles VII expelled english, Louis XI layed the foundations for absolutism. England: the tutor family came and made parliament a tool for the king. Spain: the marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand unified spain. HRE: Charles V became aire to F,S+HRE |
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| The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 between the Kings of France and the Kings of England and their various allies for control of the French throne. It increased nationalism in both countries. |
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| was the french parliament. it allowed charles VII to levy taxes but it did not have the same amount of power as the parliament did. loosing control of money meant it got weaker. |
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| ruled france 1461-1483. he was nicknamed the spider. he could not repress the nobility. charles the bold tried to create his own kingdom under him. |
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| was the english civil war in the 1450s. between the house of lancaster and the house of york. henry tutor ended up defeating Richard III and becoming king. |
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| was the red rose. Beaufort family,Henry Tutor said he came from here. |
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| was the white rose. they were defeated in the war of the roses. |
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| defeated richard III and became the king of england. he wanted to end internal battles and create a strong monarchy he joined the two houses creating the tutor rose. he also got rid of private armies. he established the court of star chambers and was good at getting an income from taxes but people liked him. |
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| married isabella of castile to join the kingdoms. it unified spain. they were known as the catholicist rulers they were a strong monarchy. |
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| married ferdinand of castile to join the kingdoms. it unified spain. they were known as the catholicist rulers they were a strong monarchy. |
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| the process of reconquering the iberian peninsula by crusaders. |
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| the spanish inquisition was where the catholic church tried to fight against persecute heresy. issabella and ferdinand asked the pope for it in spain. they didnt believe all the jews that were converting so they asked them to prove it. but it did not have sny authority over practicing jews who they decided to expell from spain. they also expelled musliums. |
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| they were the rulers of the holy roman empire they failed to have a strong monarchy mainly because the empire was so big. they were the wealthiest landholders in austria and they played an important part in europes affairs. they didnt like war so built strong relationships with marriage. |
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| the hapsburgs were the wealthiest landholders in austria and they played an important part in europes affairs. they didnt like war so built strong relationships with marriage. |
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| proved the end of the byzantine empire. they started in asia minor and under sultan murad spread rapidly. |
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| they had served as a buffer between europe and the middle east. king lazor fought sultan of the ottoman turks and lost proving the end of the empire. both men died in the battle. |
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| is the redidence of the pope in the vatican cite. it has lots of rescoes by renaissance artists. michelangelo painted the celing. |
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| was a renaissance sculpture by michangelo. he was great and it showed the perfection of man. |
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| these were paintings of the mother of christ. they showed clarity and understanding of the human form. |
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| by leonardo da vinci uses lines of perspective to make the painting realistic. it also shows secuarlism because not all of the aposotles attention is on jesus but instead on each other. |
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| time of pope after the great schism and before the protestant reformation. the wealthy popes patronized the renaissance. |
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| pope from 1417 to 1431. he effectively ended the great schism. |
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| Pope from 1471 to 1484. His accomplishments as Pope included the establishment of the Sistine Chapel; the group of artists that he brought together introduced the Early Renaissance into Rome with the first masterpiece of the city's new artistic age, the Vatican Archives. Sixtus also furthered the agenda of the Spanish Inquisition and annulled the decrees of the Council of Constance. |
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| pope from 1492 till 1503. he was involved in polictics rather than religion. |
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| the fearsome pope from 1503 to 1513. He was active in foreign policy, ambitious building projects, and patronage for the arts |
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| pope from 1513 till 1521. He was the last non-priest to be elected Pope. He is known for granting indulgences for those who donated to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica and his challenging of Martin Luther's 95 Theses. |
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| was an oxford theologian and he was disgusted with teh clerical corruption. he attacked papal authority and advocated that they be striped of their power and property and that only the bible should be the only authority. he wanted the bible in the venacular and condemned pilgrimidges and saints and rituals. his followers wer known as lollards. |
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| Wycliffe's ideas spread to bohemia and reenforced huss's ideas. he was the chancellor of the university of prague. he wanted the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the clergy. his followers were the hussites. |
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| this tried to deal with the heresy of jan huss. they summoned him saying they were only going to talk but then they arrested him and he was burned. |
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| this is a late renaissance church in the vatican city. it shows the spectacular work of artists of the time. |
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| Was the renaissance movement in the north. they didnt have romans to study as their antiquity so they studied the bible. this led to a want to reform the catholic church |
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| Dutch Renaissance Humanist. He wrote in Latin wrote latin and greek versions of the new testament. influenctial in the reformation and believed in free will. |
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| is considered one of the most notable works of the Renaissance and was employed as one of the catalysts of the Protestant Reformation written by erasmus. talks about the corruptions in the church. |
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| was the practice of giving church offical positions to family members. |
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| having more than one church office. |
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| establishment of the Sistine Chapel; the group of artists that he brought together introduced the Early Renaissance into Rome with the first masterpiece of the city's new artistic age, the Vatican Archives. Sixtus also furthered the agenda of the Spanish Inquisition |
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| He is known for granting indulgences for those who donated to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica and his challenging of Martin Luther's 95 Theses. |
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| Modern Devotion, was a 14th century new religious movement |
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| led the reformation in the church and started lutheranism. |
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| with faith alone was martin luthers main speel. he sais that is was the way to ensure your salvation. |
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| the bible was the only authority of the church. |
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| buying these took tiime off of family members in purgatory. this is what set martin luther off on his quest for reformation. |
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| wanted to buy another office but he didnt have money so he borrowed it. to pay for his loans he allowed tetzel to sell indulgences. |
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| was allowed to sell indulgence in whittenburg. |
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| martin luther wrote this and nailed in to the church door. it stated all the things wrong with indulences and the rcc. |
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| martin luther was called to this by charles v. here he was named and outlaw. the prince of saxony ended up kiddnapping him to keep him safe from the punishment. |
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| The Babylonian Captivity of the Church |
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| This is what the pope living in Avignon is referred to. People believed that because it was so close to France they were being held captive. |
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| Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants |
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| is a piece written by Martin Luther, related to the German Peasants' War. The Peasants' War took place between 1524 and 1526, as a result of a tumultuous collection of grievances in many different spheres: political, economic, social, and theological. Martin Luther is often considered to be the foundation for the Peasants' Revolt; however, he maintained allegiance to the Princes |
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| in 1521 emperor charles v called martin luther there to discuss the protestant reformation. luther was named an outlaw but before he could be punished the prince of saxony hid him in his house for a year. |
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| is the RC theology that in the Eucharistic the bread and wine is changed into the body and blood of christ. |
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| was influenced by christian humanism. he was ordained in 1506 and preached in Zurich. he looked to the state to supervise the church as he reformed it. he agreed with luther about everything apart from the last supper. |
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| called by Philip Hesse. he tried to unit the Swiss and German reformers but it didnt work because luther and zwingli agreeed on everything other then the last supper. |
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| These wars kept charles v from being able to focus on the problems with the spreading protestant reformation. they were between the two families. |
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| were radical reformers. they believed that christianity was a voluntary association. they believed in rebirth. they turned violent in the Peasants war of 1524-25. |
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| a dutchman who returned ab to their peaceful ways. he spread peaceful ab. mennonites and amish both came from him. |
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| was a german theologist who went against luther. he started the anabaptists and was envolved in the peasants war where he was eventually killed. |
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| This was given to henry the 8th by parliament. he was the defender of the anglican church. |
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| a humanist and former lord chancellor and who was loyal to the pope. he was beheaded by henry because of this. |
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| Henrys first wife who gave him mary. he wanted a divorce from her so the english reformation came of this. |
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| was the archbishop of cantebury who helped Henry get his divorce. |
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| Act of Supremacy. Six Articles Act of 1539 |
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| Passed by Parliament in 1539 this broke the church of england with the pope and made henry VIII the head of the church. |
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| The son of Henry VIII, he was a sick boy. he made the church of england more protestant unlike his father. the common book of prayer was published under him. |
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| was a very catholic queen married to the spanish heir which people did not like. she started persecuting protestants so gained the name bloody mary. in the end though she made the ocuntry more protestant. |
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| was influenced by luther but their doctrine was different when it came to free will. he set up a calvanist state in geneva where the hard work ethic originated. |
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| was a calvanist belief that good had chosen the elect to go to heaven. the elect were the people who lived a good, godly life as this was a sign that you had been chosen. |
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| calvin began his work here as a minister. the city governement accepted the religion and geneva became a calvinist city. |
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| The Ecclesiastical Ordinances |
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Definition
| the foundation of laws in calvanist geneva. |
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| The Institutes of the Christian Religion |
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Definition
| written in latin and french by luther this was a textbook for the protestant religion. 1536. |
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| ended religious warfare in the HRE under Charles V. he was tired of fighting. this gave princes in the empire to chose the religion of their state and also gave lutheranism a legal standing. |
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| this was when 8 princes and 11 imperical cities formed a defence alliance against Charles V. they were afraid that after the Diet of Augsburg which said they had to go back catholic that he would attack them. |
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| was a counter reaction to the protestant reformation. catholics wanted a reform because of the the abuses but did not want to break from the church for example erasmus. |
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| started the society of jesus. he was a spanish priest and theologist who was influential in the catholic reformation |
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| The Council issued condemnations on what it defined as Protestant heresies and defined Church teachings in the areas of Scripture and Tradition, Original Sin, Justification, Sacraments, the Eucharist in Holy Mass and the veneration of saints. It issued numerous reform decrees. By specifying Catholic doctrine on salvation, the sacraments, and the Biblical canon, the Council was answering Protestant disputes. |
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| he was during the counter reformation. he convened the council of trent to try and get rid of abuses. he was also a great patron of the arts. |
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| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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Definition
| he was reguarded at the patron of portuguese exploration during the age of discoveries. |
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Definition
| portugese noble explorer in 1488 went around cape good hope in africia but returned cause he feared mutany. |
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| he reached Calicut on S.W India in 1498 May 18th. He came looking for spices and Christians but only found ginger and cinnamon. |
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| this was a new system were america was divided into New Spain (Mex, Ca + Caribbean) and Peru (W. + S. America) these were governed by a vieroy in Lima. |
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| he was an Italian who explored for spain under q isabella. he had 3 ships and he thought he had reached asia but actually it was Caribbean islands. he started to convert 'indians' to christianity. |
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| 1519 sailed across the Pacific and reached the Philippines. it was the first known circumnavigation. |
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| the most important administrative organ of the spanish empire in the americas and india. it placed them under the jurisdiction of the council of castile. |
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| was what the newly aquired empire was called. |
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Term
A New Era of Commercial
Capitalism |
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Definition
| this is when europe started setting out to find new lands for more resources and markets. funded by merchants and royals. |
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Definition
| 1562-1598 the french wars of religion were between the catholics and calvanists. it ended after the war of the 3 henrys and the edict of nautes. |
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| was killed acidentally in a tournament and was succeeded by his weak sons. catherine of medici was their regent. |
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| this family were next inline to the throne after the valois. they were rich and ruled the s. Kingdom of Navarre. |
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| were extreme catholic family. when the duke of guese massaccred innocent huegnots it started the wars of religion. |
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| were extreme catholics who ended up forming the holy league. |
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| were public figures who placed politics before religion. they ended up winning but only after both sides were tired of fighting. |
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| Henry IV (1553-1610), king of France. He ascended the throne in 1589. He is known in history as Henry of Navarre. He became the head of the Huguenot party on the death of the Prince de Conde in 1569. He married Margaret of Valois, sister of Charles IX of France, in 1572. Subsequent to the massacre of St. Bartholomew, he put an end to the civil wars of France by embracing the Roman Catholic religion. In this way he secured the adherence of the Roman Catholics, and was crowned by the united nation at Chartres in 1594. To secure his old followers, he published the Edict of Nantes April 15, 1598. He was assassinated |
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Term
Saint Batholomew's Day
Massacre |
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Definition
| in 1572 when huegenots were massacred and catholic mobs kept terrorizing violence, the guile family convinced henry IX and catherine to to it cause the wedding was seen as a threat. henry of navarre saved himself by converting. |
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Definition
| 1587-1589 instigated by philip II of spain when he paied henry of guile to attack with the holy league. henry of navarre sided with henry III. Henry of navarre became IV and converted to catholicism again. |
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Definition
| 1598 henry IV gave heguenots rights to worship in certain places and political equality. |
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| Philip II of spain the most catholic of kings. |
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Definition
| he was the son of HRE Charles V a devote catholic. he married mary tutor who was also catholic to help try and make england catholic again. he continued ferdinand and issabellas policies in spain. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1588 was a disaster for spain. they wanted to over throw liz and put an end to her involvement in the spanish netherlands. duke of parma sailed across the channel but was hit by storms. englans became the most supieror navy. |
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Definition
| 1571 when a fleet of the holy league defeated the main fleet of the ottoman empire. this prevented the mediterranean sea from becoming an uncontested highway for muslim forces. |
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Definition
| he was dutch and a prince of the dutch replublic. |
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Definition
| dutch republic of netherlands. it gained independence from france in 1813 |
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| the daughter of henry the 8th. she came after mary tutor in 1588. she was tolerant of religions. she had mary of scotts beheaded after she tried to kill her. she cooperated with parliament. act of uniformaty said use the common book of prayer. with some changes for the catholics. 39 articles defined theological issues was mid way lutheran and calvanist. |
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Term
| The Act of Supremacy of 1559 |
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Definition
| she elizabeth was the supreme governor of this realm as well in all spiritual or ecclesiastical things or causes as temporal. cause she didnt want to upset catholics (pope) and radical Protestants (christ) |
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Term
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Definition
| did not was any catholic influence in the anglican church. they grew in strength as the english civil war got closer. |
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Term
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Definition
| A credit boom–bust cycle is an episode characterized by a sustained increase in several economics indicators followed by a sharp and rapid contraction |
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Term
| joint-stock trading company |
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Definition
| is a business entity which is owned by shareholders. Each shareholder owns the portion of the company in proportion to his or her ownership of the company's shares (certificates of ownership).[1] This allows for the unequal ownership of a business with some shareholders owning a larger proportion of a company than others. |
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Definition
| was a series of wars from 1618-1648 that started in the HRE. THey started out as religious wars but became political as other nations joined in as allies to different sides. in the end the catholic french fought the catholic spanish. |
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Term
The Failure of the Peace of
Augsburg |
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Definition
| The peace of augsburg allowed the princes in the HRE to choose their own religion. this made more conflict as neighboring princes wanted to change the others relgion. it affect it diunified the HRE empire even more. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1618-1625 it started when the bohemian estates accepted habsburg Ferdinand as their king but then they changed their minds because he tried to strengthen royal power and he was catholic. the protestant nobles rebelled in may 1618. Ferdinand refused to accept deposition and he and the catholic league fought them and won. |
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| 1625-1629 King Christian IV of Denmark was a lutheran interveened on Protestant side. there was a new leader for the impearal forces called Albrecht von Wallenstein. he won lots of territories. |
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Definition
| Issued by Ferdinand II in march 1629 it prohibited calvanism and reset catholic as the national faith. land was also taken back from the protestant princes. the german princes began to fear Wallenstein so the got the emperor to dismiss him. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1630-1635 gustavus Adolphus was lutheran and a great military leader. he got the imperial forces down to central germany. they got scared so they recalled wallenstein. in the battle of lutzen 1632 the king was killed and w was assasinated. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1635-1648 the religious cause had lost importance by this stage. catholic france was supporting lutheran sweeds. the battle of rocroi 1643 french ended spanish military greatness. |
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Term
| The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 |
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Definition
| this ended the 30 years war. but france and spain carried on fighting. the treaty allowed all states to chose own religion france gained parts of west germany including alsace and others so they controled the boarder. habsburgs saw their power decrease as there were 300 separate states. religion and politics were now separate. |
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Definition
| after elizabeth the first the stuart reign was filled with conflicts. they did not like to cooperate with parliament so had money issues, were dealing with seperate kingdoms and had religious issues. charles 1 was the one who ignited the revoultion by trying to force the common book of prayer on the scots. 1642 |
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Definition
| he was the 4th in scotland and 1st in england. he succeeded elizabeth 1st because she had no kids. he believed in divine right and alienanted parliament. he kept the anglican church because he wanted the power even though he was in favor of presbyterianism. |
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| 1625 became king. he fought with parliament because of the powers they were suppose to have. in 1629 he decided not to summon parliament and ruled until 1640 off of ship money. he married catholc henritta maria and tried to impose the common book of prayer on the scots. because of their rebellion he had to call parliament (long P) because he needed money. then he tried to arrest some of them which led to the civil war. |
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| 1685 he was the last catholic king of england and he tried to further their interests. he ignored the test act (no catholic officials) and issued a new declaration of indulenges. there wasnt a revolution because his heirs were protestant but then he had a catholic son. nobles invited william of organce to invade england. it was the glorious revolution because there was no blood. |
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| was the leader of the parliament side of the revolution (roundheads). he got the rump parliament to try charles I for treason and then set up a new government called the commonwealth 1649-1653. he had sole authority but he diedd and monarchy went back to Charles II |
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| The New Model Army of England was formed in 1645 by the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War, and was disbanded in 1660 after the Restoration. It differed from other armies in the series of civil wars referred to as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms in that it was intended as an army liable for service anywhere in the country (including in Scotland and Ireland), rather than being tied to a single area or garrison. Its soldiers became full-time professionals, rather than part-time militia. To establish a professional officer corps, the army's leaders were prohibited from having seats in either the House of Lords or House of Commons. This was to encourage their separation from the political or religious factions among the Parliamentarians. |
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| The Rump Parliament is the name of the English Parliament after Colonel Pride purged the Long Parliament on 6 December 1648 they tried King Charles I for high treason and found him guilty. |
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| prosecution of witches, written in 1486 by Heinrich Kramer, a German Catholic clergyman.attempt to systematically refute arguments claiming that witchcraft does not exist, discredit those who expressed skepticism about its reality, to claim that witches were more often women than men, and to educate magistrates on the procedures that could find them out and convict them. |
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| is a period of European art that emerged from the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520. It lasted until about 1580 in Italy, when a more Baroque style began to replace it, but Northern Mannerism continued into the early 17th century throughout much of Europe. the harmonious ideals and restrained naturalism associated with artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and early Michelangelo. Mannerism is notable for its intellectual sophistication as well as its artificial qualities |
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| was a painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. he was born in crete and was greek. dramatic and expressionistic style was met with puzzlement by his contemporaries but found appreciation in the 20th century. |
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| The Baroque is a period of artistic style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, and music. The style started around 1600 in Rome, Italy and spread to most of Europe |
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| was a Flemish Baroque painter. He is well known for his Counter-Reformation altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and history paintings of mythological and allegorical subjects. |
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| was an Italian artist who worked principally in Rome. He was the leading sculptor of his age and also a prominent architect. |
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| was one of the most influential writers of the French Renaissance, known for popularising the essay as a literary genre, and commonly thought of as the father of modern skepticism. He became famous for his effortless ability to merge serious intellectual speculation with casual anecdotes. Essais (translated literally as "Attempts") contains, to this day, some of the most widely influential essays ever written. |
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| was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist |
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| was a Spanish playwright and poet. He was one of the key figures in the Spanish Golden Century Baroque literature. His reputation in the world of Spanish literature is second only to that of Cervantes, while the sheer volume of his literary output is unequalled, making him one of the most prolific authors in the history of literature. |
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| was a Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright. His magnum opus, Don Quixote, considered the first modern European novel,[3] is a classic of Western literature, and is regarded amongst the best works of fiction ever written |
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| This was where monarchs had complete control over everything in their realm. In the west Louis XIII and in the east Fredrick the great of russia are expamples of this. |
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| Jean Bodin (1530–1596) was a French jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement of Paris. He is best known for his theory of sovereignty, favouring the strong central control of a national monarchy as an antidote to factional strife. |
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| (27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was a Bourbon monarch who ruled as King of France and of Navarre. only nine years old when he succeeded his father. His mother, Marie de Medici, acted as regent. Prime Minister Cardinal Richelieu, to govern the Kingdom. |
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| (5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715), known as Louis the Great or the Sun King.continued his predecessors' work of creating a centralized state governed from the capital. He sought to eliminate the remnants of feudalism persisting in parts of France and, by compelling many members of the nobility, especially the noble elite, to inhabit his lavish Palace of Versailles, succeeded in pacifying the aristocracy, many members of which had participated in the Fronde rebellion during Louis's minority. By these means he became one of French history's most powerful monarchs and consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France that endured until the French Revolution. |
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| rose in both the Catholic Church and the French government, becoming a Cardinal in 1622, and King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624. He remained in office until his death in 1642; he was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin, whose career he had fostered. He was the one who was responsible for strengthening the french monarchy. |
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| these were tax collectors sent out in france. they were also people who enforced the kings law all through out the kingdom and acted as louis spies. |
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| served as the chief minister of France from 1642 until his death. Mazarin succeeded his mentor, Cardinal Richelieu. he continued strengthening the french monarchy. |
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was a civil war in France, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War, which had begun in 1635. The word fronde means sling, which Parisian mobs used to smash the windows of supporters of Cardinal Mazarin.[1]
The Fronde was divided into two campaigns, the Fronde of the parlements and the Fronde of the nobles. |
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| rose in both the Catholic Church and the French government, becoming a Cardinal in 1622, and King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624. He remained in office until his death in 1642; he was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin, whose career he had fostered. He was the one who was responsible for strengthening the french monarchy. |
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| these were tax collectors sent out in france. they were also people who enforced the kings law all through out the kingdom and acted as louis spies. |
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| served as the chief minister of France from 1642 until his death. Mazarin succeeded his mentor, Cardinal Richelieu. he continued strengthening the french monarchy. |
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was a civil war in France, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War, which had begun in 1635. The word fronde means sling, which Parisian mobs used to smash the windows of supporters of Cardinal Mazarin.[1]
The Fronde was divided into two campaigns, the Fronde of the parlements and the Fronde of the nobles. |
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| 29 August 1619 – 6 September 1683) was a French politician who served as the Minister of Finances of France from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV. His relentless hard work and thrift made him an esteemed minister. He achieved a reputation for his work of improving the state of French manufacturing and bringing the economy back from the brink of bankruptcy. |
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| “One king, one law, one faith” |
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| Louis XIV believed this. as an absolute monarch he controlled everything from the nobles to the Catholic church in France. |
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| (October 1685) was an edict issued by Louis XIV of France, also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.ordered the destruction of Huguenot churches, as well as the closing of Protestant schools. This policy made official the persecution already enforced since the dragonnades created in 1681 by the king in order to intimidate Huguenots into converting to Catholicism. |
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| This was a places built just outside paris. louis XIV used this as his home, the home of the government and required the nobles to live there for a certain period of time. he used this to control and watch over what was happening in the kingdom. It was also a symbol of wealth and strength of the monarchy. |
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| absolute monarch Louis XIV considered the Dutch to be trading rivals, seditious republicans, heretics and an obstacle to French expansion into the Spanish Netherlands. Peace of Nijmegen in August 1678 ended the war and france got Franche-Comte from Spain. |
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| on the border of germany have always been fought over. When Louis XIV went east he annexed them but with the creation of the league of augsburg (S, HRE, UP, Sweden, E) louis had to give up and he only recieved parts of Lorraine in the peace treaty of Ryswick. |
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| War of the League of Augsburg |
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| 1688-97 fought between King Louis XIV of France, and a European-wide coalition, the Grand Alliance, Louis XIV immediately set about extending his gains in order to stabilize and strengthen France's frontiers, in the end louis caused economic depression on france and famine. it ended with the treaty of Ryswick, louis was allowed to keep strasburg and got parts of lorraine. |
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| War of the Spanish Succession |
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(1701–1714) was fought among several European powers, including a divided Spain, over the feared possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under one Bourbon monarch.
was concluded by the treaties of Utrecht (1713) and Rastatt (1714). As a result, Philip V remained King of Spain but was removed from the French line of succession, averting a union of the two kingdoms. The Austrians gained most of the Spanish territories in Italy and the Netherlands. |
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| Peaces of Utrecht and Rastatt |
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| These ended the war of the spanish succession in 1713. it said that the spanish and french thrones had to stay seperate so it didnt mess with the balance of power within europe. |
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| 1578-1621 the decline of Spain can be dated to the economic difficulties that set in during the early years of his reign. Nonetheless, as the ruler of the Spanish Empire at its height and as the king who achieved a temporary peace with the Dutch (1609–21) and brought Spain into the Thirty Years' War (1618–48) through an (initially) extremely successful campaign. he was known as the miserable king |
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| 1621-1665 he gave hope to the country. during his reign the power of the catholic church was decreased and the power of the monarchy tried to get stronger but the nobles were too strong. he led the country into wars because he wanted glory. |
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| He was the last habsburg kings to rule spain. it was he in deciding to leave his thrown to Louis XIV grandson Philip V of spain. this caused the war of the spanish sucession. |
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| This ended the 30 years war it did not restore peace and had so many problems. It said all the german princes could choose their own religion which diunified german states even more. |
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| 1415 had three dissconnected land masses. prussia rhine valley and brandedburg. they were only united under the ruler. |
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| Frederick William to Great Elector |
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| 1640-1688 laid the foundations for prussia to become a strong power. he made a general war comminssaiat to levy taxess and over see growth of the army. |
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| these over saw the growth and training of the army. they were soon envolved in civil government aswell. they became the new bureacratic machine. |
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| they were the prussian land aristocrats. |
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| Elector Frederick III/ Frederick I of Prussia |
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| of the Hohenzollern dynasty, was (as Frederick III) Elector of Brandenburg (1688–1713) and Duke of Prussia in personal union (Brandenburg-Prussia). The latter function he upgraded to royalty, becoming the first King in Prussia (1701–1713). |
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| most important royal houses of Europe and is best known for being an origin of all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors between 1438 and 1740, as well as rulers of the Austrian Empire and Spanish Empire and several other countries.The Austrian branch went extinct in the male person in 1740 with the death of Charles VI and in the female person in 1780 with the death of his daughter Maria Theresa and was succeeded by the Vaudemont branch of the House of Lorraine in the person of her son Joseph II. |
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| Archduke Ferdinand of Austria became King of Bohemia and the country became a constituent state of the Habsburg Monarchy. After Emperor Ferdinand II began oppressing the rights of Protestants in Bohemia, the resulting Bohemian Revolt led to outbreak of the Thirty Years' War in 1618. Elector Frederick V of the Electorate of the Palatinate, a Protestant, was elected by the Bohemian nobility to replace Ferdinand on the Bohemian throne, and was known as the Winter King. |
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| The Treaty of Karlowitz was signed on 26 January 1699 in Sremski Karlovci, in modern-day Serbia, concluding the Austro-Ottoman War of 1683–97 in which the Ottoman side had been defeated at the Battle of Zenta. It marks the end of Ottoman control in much of Central Europe and the beginning of the empire's phase of stagnation, with their first major territorial losses after centuries of expansion, and established the Habsburg Monarchy as the dominant power in central and southeast Europe |
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| was a late medieval Russia principality centered on Moscow, and the predecessor state of the early modern Tsardom of Russia. |
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| 1533-1584 was the first leader to take tsar. he expanded east and crushed the power of the russian nobility. |
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| ended the time of troubles that started in 1598 with a reasurgence of aristocraic power by choosing Romanov as new tsar. it was the national assembly. |
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| The Duma were council assemblies which was created by the Tsar of Russia. Simply it is a form of Russian governmental institution, that was formed during the reign of the last Tsar, Nicholas II. It is also the term for a council to early Russian rulers (Boyar Duma), as well as for city councils in Imperial Russia ('Municipal dumas'), and city and regional legislative bodies in the Russian Federation. |
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| were the russian aristocracy |
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| 1613-1645 was chosen as tsar by the national assembly. his reign marked the end of the time of troubles. |
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| is second only to the Roman Catholic Church in terms of numbers of followers. the schism in the church led to unsettled conditions in russia |
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| 1689-1725 accellerated westernization in russia. when he visited the west he saw things he wanted in russia to make it a great power. he liked technologie that was needed for a good army. he made an army of 210000 men and created the first navy. in 1711 he also created a senate to supervise administration. he wanted a police state but it was not always possible because of the corrupt russian officals. he also created the table of ranks in 1722 which was to create opportunities for nonnobles to serve the state and work up to nobility. everyone started from the bottom and moved up based on merit. |
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| was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern Europe, Central Europe and Eastern Europe. The initial leaders of the anti-Swedish alliance were Peter the Great of Russia, Frederick IV of Denmark–Norway and Augustus II the Strong of Saxony-Poland-Lithuania. Frederik IV and August II were forced out of the alliance in 1700 and 1706 respectively, but re-joined it in 1709. |
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was the last peace treaty of the Great Northern War. It was concluded between the Tsardom of Russia and the Swedish Empire on 10 September. In Nystad, Frederick I of Sweden formally recognized the transfer of Estonia, Livonia, Ingria, and Southeast Finland (Kexholmslän and part of Karelia) to Russia in exchange for two million silver thaler, while the bulk of Finland was returned to Sweden.[1][2]
The treaty enshrined the rights of the Baltic-German nobility within Estonia and Livonia to maintain their financial system, existing customs border, self-government, Lutheran religion, and the German language; this special position in the Russian Empire was reconfirmed by all Russian Tsars from Peter the Great to Alexander II.[3]
Nystad manifested the decisive shift in the European balance of power which the war had brought about: the Swedish imperial era was over; Sweden entered the Age of Liberty, while Russia had emerged as a new empire. |
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| founded by peter the great as the capital city of russia. it had a couple name changes in history. |
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| this is the polish diet. it was a two chamber assembly in which townspeople and lawyers who were also members. to be elected as monarch they had to agree to share the power in matters of taxation military policy and appointment of the state officials and judges. |
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| orignially from holland. In what became known as the "Glorious Revolution", on 5 November 1688 William invaded England in an action that ultimately deposed King James II & VII and won him the crowns of England, Scotland and Ireland. In the British Isles, William ruled jointly with his wife, Mary II, until her death on 28 December 1694. |
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| was a legislative body in france. It had a separate assembly for each of the three estates, which were called and dismissed by the king. It had no true power in its own right—unlike the English parliament it was not required to approve royal taxation or legislation[1]—instead it functioned as an advisory body to the king, primarily by presenting petitions from the various estates and consulting on fiscal policy. |
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| Trading companies are businesses working with different kinds of products which are sold for consumer, business or government purposes. Trading companies buy a specialized range of products, maintain a stock or a shop, and deliver products to customers. |
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| 1649-1685 was king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. after cromwell died there was restoration of the monarchy and charles was invited back to be king of england 1649. |
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| were a series of English penal laws that served as a religious test for public office and imposed various civil disabilities on Roman Catholics and Nonconformists. The principle was that none but persons professing the Established Church were eligible for public employment |
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| was King of England and King of Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII from 6 February 1685. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Members of Britain's political and religious elite increasingly opposed him for being pro-French and pro-Catholic, and for his designs on becoming an absolute monarch. When he produced a Catholic heir, the tension exploded, and leading nobles called on William III of Orange (his son-in-law and nephew) to land an invasion army from the Netherlands, which he did. James fled England. |
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| In 1688 they were invited by the parliamentary opposition to Mary’s father James II to take the crown on England and were assured of English support. James fled to France, and in February 1689 William and his wife were crowned King William III and Queen Mary II. Parliament passed the Bill of Rights which prevented Catholics for succeeding to the throne ensuring that Mary’s sister Anne would become the next queen, and after the autocratic rules of Kings Charles II and his brother James II limited the powers of monarchs so that they could neither pass laws nor levy taxes with parliamentary consent. |
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| This was a bloodless revolution in 1688. William and his wife mary from the netherlands were invited to invade england. they did and James II fled to france. William and Mary became rulers. |
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| is an Act of the Parliament of England passed on 16 December 1689 it was a declaration by parliament inviting them to become joint rulers of england. It said the limits of the king and the rights held by parliament including the freedom of speech. requirement to regular elections to Parliament and the right to petition the monarch without fear of retribution. It reestablished the liberty of Protestants to have arms for their defence within the rule of law. |
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| is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the guidelines of a constitution, whether it be a written, uncodified, or blended constitution. This form of government differs from absolute monarchy in which an absolute monarch serves as the source of power in the state and is not legally bound by any constitution. |
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| this is an economic philosophy where the government. it demands a positive balance of trade. |
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| denied the pathetic Baroque sets and praised reason. it was an extention of the renaissance as the replaced Italy as the center for the arts. The art work glorified the king and religion as it was an absolute state. |
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| French Academy of Paining and Sculpture |
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| Formed in 1648, the academy was established as a way of adding art theory to the craftsmanship learned in the guilds. Louis the 14th made it something that made sure the King was glorified with a strong emphasis on Classicism. |
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| was a French painter in the classical style. His work predominantly features clarity, logic, and order, and favors line over color. His work serves as an alternative to the dominant Baroque style of the 17th century. |
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| was a Dutch painter and etcher. He is generally considered one of the greatest painters and printmakers in European art history and the most important in Dutch history.[2] His contributions to art came in a period of great wealth and cultural achievement that historians call the Dutch Golden Age when Dutch Golden Age painting, although in many ways antithetical to the Baroque style that dominated Europe, was extremely prolific and innovative. |
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| Jean-Baptiste Racine, Phedra |
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| was a French dramatist, one of the three great playwrights of 17th-century France. His play Phedra is one of this most famous and consists of 5 acts. |
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| Jean-Baptist Moliere, Tartuffe |
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| was a French playwright and actor who is considered to be one of the greatest masters of comedy in Western literature. Tartuffe is a comedy written by him. |
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| was a jurist in the Dutch Republic. With Francisco de Vitoria and Alberico Gentili he laid the foundations for international law, based on natural law. He was also a philosopher, theologian, Christian apologist, playwright, and poet. |
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| is a book written by Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) and published in 1651. Its name derives from the biblical Leviathan. The work concerns the structure of society and legitimate government, and is regarded as one of the earliest and most influential examples of social contract theory. Hobbes was a champion of absolutism for the sovereign but he also developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought: the right of the individual; the natural equality of all men; the artificial character of the political order. |
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| John Locke, Two Treatises of Government |
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| locke is one of the most influential enlightenment thinkers. he thought that we are born without innate ideas, and that knowledge is instead determined only by experience derived from sense perception. his writtings including the two treatises influenced many including american revolutionist. |
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