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| The major change in European thought, beginning in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs. |
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| Medieval philosophy in which the process of linking general statements is used to reach a conclusion; to discover what can be logically deduced from what is already known |
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| aka empiricism; Using evidence, observation, experience to reach a conclusion or find truth. Francis Bacon |
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| Discourse on Method (1637) |
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| 1637; Rene Descartes philosophical ideas on mathematics |
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| aka Copernican Theory; The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe |
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| 1651; Book by Thomas Hobbes which enforces the rule of an absolute monarch |
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| Two Treatises of Government (1691) |
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| 1691; Book by John Locke which explains his ideas on the state of nature and natural laws |
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| 18th century intellectual thinkers who applied reason to major areas of study such as philosophy, history, economics, social issues |
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| 1713-1784; French philosopher who wrote "Encyclopedie" |
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| 1801; England and Scotland joined under one state to become Great Britain |
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| 1756; British Parliament taxed newspapers and other print materials |
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| 1774; Name given for British punishment on the colonists for their role in the Boston Tea Party; |
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| 1783; Paris; Ended the American Revolutionary War |
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| The idea that a government should be divided between a central power and another political unit such as in the U.S.A. - a state and federal government |
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| A land tax in France paid only by the peasants |
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| France; mandatory labor by peasants throughout the year |
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| Legislative Commission of 1767 |
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| 1767; Russia; Assembly of representatives from certain social classes to prepare a new code of laws |
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| Pugachev Rebellion (1773) |
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| Peasant insurrection in Russia under Catherine the Great |
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| Named after Grigory Potemkin, Catherine's lover; Bogus evidence of a non-existent prosperity |
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| War of Polish Succession (1733-1738) |
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| 1733-1738; European conflict to determine the king of Poland |
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| First economists; advisors to government leaders |
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| 1776; Book by Adam Smith which laid out his economic philosophy |
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| Enclosure Acts (1709-1869) |
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| 1709-1869; Acts by Parliament to enclose open fields and common land in the country in order to separate private from common land |
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| A doctrine of economic liberalism that encourages unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy. |
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| An 18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society |
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| French intellectuals who proclaimed they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow creatures in the Age of Enlightenment |
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| Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, sciences, and philosophy |
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| The belief that God has created the universe and set it in motion to operate like clockwork; God is "in the wings" watching the show go on as humans forge their own destiny. |
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