Term
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Definition
-at least 80% of all western European countries drew their livelihood from agriculture
-in eastern Europe, the percentage was higher
-great surge |
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Term
| Expansion of Europe in the 18th century |
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Definition
-elcosure movement by government
-fewer deahts
-better health
-more canals and roads
-better farming techniques
-cottage industry
-trade |
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Term
| 17th century % Europeans in agriculture |
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Definition
-at least 80% of all western European countries
-in eastern Europe, the percentage was higher |
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Term
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Definition
| -poor women would go through the fields picking up the few single grains that had fallen to the ground in the course of the harvest |
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Term
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Definition
-religious/intellectual=Enlightenment
-1651-1663=British Navigation Acts
-1652-1674=Anglo-Dutch wars; rise of Bristish mercantilism
-1701-1763=mercantilist wars of empire
-1701-1713=War of the Spanish Succession
-1740-1748=War of the Austrian Succession
-1756-1763=Seven Years' War
-1759=Fall of Quebec
-1760-1815=height of parliamentary enclosure in England |
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Term
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Definition
-most famous of the Dutch engineers
-directed one large drainage project in Yorkshire and Cambridgeshire
-converted, with his workers, swampy wilderness into thousands of acres of some of the best land in England |
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Term
| contributed to increased agricultural production |
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Definition
| -crop rotation, enclosure acts |
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Term
| Dutch leadership in farming |
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Definition
-by the middle of the 17th century, intensive farming was well established here
-enclosed fields, continuous rotation, heavy manuring, and a wide variety of crops were present |
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Term
| downturn in Euro population |
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Definition
-densely populated
-growth of towns
-ppl learned how to drain land |
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Term
| increase in fertilizer due to |
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Definition
| -more animals meant more manure for fertilizer and therefore, more grain for bread and porridge |
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Term
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Definition
-an important English innovator
-adopted a critical attitude toward accepted ideas about farming and tried to develop better methods through empirical research |
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Term
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Definition
-profit-minded, market oriented farmers
-most of them were former independent owners
-the key to mastering the new methods of farming
-fenced fields, built drains, and improved the soil with fertilizers
-wanted money |
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Term
| reason for the disappearance of the plague |
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Definition
-a new rat of Asiatic origin--the brown rat-- began to drive out and eventually eliminate its blact rat competitor
-although the brown rat also contracts the plague, another kind of flea is its main parasite
-"This revolution in the animal kingdom must have gone far to break the lethal link between rat and man." |
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Term
| 1800 largest Euro population |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -mostly found in Virginia and Maryland |
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Term
| French government tried to improve living standards |
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Definition
-improvements in water supply and sewerage
-fewer insects because of better water supply/better sewerage |
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Term
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Definition
-widows or unmarried women who spun for their living
-were recuited by a farmer's wife |
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Term
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Definition
-the large plantations were worked entirely by black slaves
-blacks accounted for 20% of the U.S. population |
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Term
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Definition
-Philip V
-revitalized Madrid
-they succeeded in defending thenselves from numerous British attacks and even increased in size
-Spain received Louisiana from France in 1763, and missionaries and ranchers extended Spanish influence all the way to northern California |
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Term
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Definition
| -inactivity was religiously observed |
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Term
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Definition
-improvements in water supply and sewerage
-fewer insects because of better water supply/better sewerage |
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Term
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Definition
-of Ibo ethnicity
-was kidnapped with his sister
-went on a voyage from Benin to Barbados
-jioned with white and black activists in the antislavery campaign
-wrote Interesting Narrative, a well-documented autobiography indictment of slavery |
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Term
| decisive colonial conflict |
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Definition
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Term
| British won the 7 years war because |
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Definition
| -because of William Pitt's strategy |
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Term
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Definition
-Philip V
-revitalized Madrid
-they succeeded in defending thenselves from numerous British attacks and even increased in size
-Spain received Louisiana from France in 1763, and missionaries and ranchers extended Spanish influence all the way to northern California |
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Term
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Definition
-written in 1776
-it established the basis for modern economics and was highly critical of 18th century mercantilism
-Adam Smith
-lazziez faire
-Smith's ideas? |
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Term
| 1770s British foreign trade |
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Definition
| -by the 1770s, England stood on the threshold of the epoch-making industrial changes that will take place in Chapter 22 |
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Term
| Britain abolished slavery |
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Definition
-in 1807
-slavery continued for years in British colonies and the Americas |
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Term
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Definition
-the grestest accomplishment of medieval agriculture
-a type of village farming developed by European peasants
-it divided the land to be cultivated by the peasant of a given village into several large fields, which were in turn cut up into long, narrow strips
-the fields were open, and the strips were not enclosed into small plots by fences or hedges
-each family followed the same pattern of plowing, sowing, and harvesting |
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Term
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Definition
-open meadows for hay and natural pasture
-set aside primarily for the draft horses and oxen that were necessary in the fields
-also open to the cows and pigs of the village community |
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Term
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Definition
-alternating grain with certain nitrogen-storing crops especially with peas, beans, turnips, potatoes, clovers, and grasses
-new patterns of organization allowed some farmers to develop increasingly sophisticated patterns to suit different kinds of soils |
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Term
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Definition
-enclosing and consolidating scattered holdings into compact, fenced-in fields in order to farm more effectively
-also, they would need to enclose their individual shares of the natural pasture, the common land
-according to this idea, a revolution in village life and organization was the necessary price of technical progress |
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Term
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Definition
-a mercantile system
-Oliver Cromwell established the first of these laws in 1651
-Charles II extended them in 1660 and 1663
-they were not seriously modified until 1786
-required that most goods be imported from Europe into England and Scotland be carried on British owned ships with British crews or on ships of the country producing the articles
-it gave British merchants and shipowners a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies |
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Term
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Definition
-a form of serfdom
-a system where a planter or rancher would keep the estate's Indians in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money |
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