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Definition
- German philosopher
- defined the Enlightenment in 1784 as, “man’s leaving his self-caused immaturity”
- proclaimed the motto of the Enlightenment should be “Dare to Know” |
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Definition
- means the power of intellect by which a man attains truth or knowledge
- one of the favorite words of intellectuals in the 18th century Enlightenment
- they were advocating the application of the scientific method to the understanding of all life |
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| Bernard de Fontenelle’s Plurality of Worlds |
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Definition
- written by Bernard de Fontaenelle (secretary of FRAS)
- he performed no experiments
- had deep knowledge of science of many centuries
- link between philosophers and the Scientific revolution |
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| doubtful or questionable attitude (usually about religion) |
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Definition
- protestant, critic of traditional religious attitudes
- attacked superstition tolerance and dogmatism
- said it was wrong to compel someone to believe a particular view
- believed textual criticism should be applied to the Bible, not just secular documents |
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| Historical and Critical Dictionary |
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Definition
- written by Bayle
- attacked traditional religious practices and heroes |
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Definition
- about traveling to different lands and cultures
- got Europeans interested in traveling |
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| John Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding |
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Definition
- said everyone was born with a blank mind
- said people were modeled by environment |
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Definition
| - blank mind (just like Ashley) |
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- intellectuals of the 18th century Enlightenment
- applied a spirit of rational criticism to all things, including religion and politics
- focused on improving and enjoying this world, rather than the afterlife |
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Term
| Baron de Montesquieu (Charles de Secondat) |
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Definition
- French writer
- wrote Persian letters (criticized Catholics and French)
- believed in tolerance and freedom of slaves
- wrote The Spirit of the Laws (study of government)
- made up 3 governments: republics (small states),
monarchy (middle-size), and despotism (large states)
- believed in checks and balances by separation of power
- influenced England, France, and the United States |
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Term
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Definition
- written by Montesquieu
- comparative study of governments
- applied scientific method to social and political aspects of natural laws |
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| Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet) |
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Definition
- playwright that succeeded Racine
- wrote Oedipe, Henriade (based on Henry IV), Philosophic letters of
the English (impressed by English)
- forced to leave France and move to England
- liked religious tolerance and criticized France (led to his seclusion) |
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Term
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Definition
- a case against religious tolerance in France (Voltaire was a part of)
- Jean Calas (protestant) was accused of murdering his son for wanting to be Catholic
- Voltaire found out son had committed suicide |
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Definition
- written by Voltaire
- argued that religious tolerance created no problems for England and Holland
- argued that all men are brothers under God |
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Term
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Definition
| - God was “mechanic” of the Newtonian world, since he created the universe, but didn’t run it |
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| Denis Diderot’s Encyclopedia |
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Definition
- a.k.a. Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades
- was to be used by philosophers to point out French inaccuracies
- became available to many doctors, lawyers, etc.
- Diderot was a freelance writer educated in many languages
- he condemned Christianity and was open to new ideas |
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| David Hume’s Treatise on Human Nature |
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Definition
- argued that observation/ reflection made “science of man”
- Science of man: social science |
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Term
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Definition
- French group
- led by Francois Quesnay
- vowed to discover natural economic laws that governed human society
- viewed as founders of moderndiscipline of economics
- believed strictly in agriculture for all revenue and wealth |
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Term
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Definition
| - leader of the French physiocrats |
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| Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations |
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Definition
- attacked mercantilism
- described 3 basic economic principles |
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Definition
- described Adam Smith’s “hands off” economic policy
- opposite of mercantilism |
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Definition
- late Enlightenment thinker
- said human were capable of achieving perfection through education |
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Term
| Baron d’Holbach (Paul-Henri Thiry) |
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Definition
- wealthy German aristocrat
- settled in Paris
- preached doctrine of atheism and materialism
- wrote System of Nature
- argued that everything in the universe was matter in motion
- said humans were simply machines
- said God was a product of the mind and was unnecessary |
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Term
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Definition
- belief that everything mental, spiritual, or ideal is an outgrowth of physical forces
- truth is found in concrete material forces, not through feelings or intuitions |
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| Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s The Social Contract |
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Definition
- written in 1762
- mixed individual liberty with government authority
- stressed choice for a society to be ruled by general will |
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Term
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Definition
- represented a community’s highest aspirations, that which was best for the whole society
- due to this, creation of laws could never be delegated to a parliamentary institution |
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Definition
- written by Rousseau
- said education should foster instead of restrict children’s natural instinct |
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Term
| Mary Wollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of Woman |
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Definition
- written in 1792
- her ideas on the rights of women
- said women should have equal rights
- equal in education, economics, politics |
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Term
| the salon and the coffeehouse |
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Definition
- places where philosophers gathered and discussed their ideas
- often hosted by aristocratic women |
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Term
| Marie-Therese de Geoffrin |
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Definition
- wealthy bourgeois widow
- father was a valet
- welcomed Diderot into her salon
- offered him financial aid to finish his Encyclopedia in secret |
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Term
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Definition
- style of art and architecture
- emphasized grace and action, rejected geometrical patterns, was extremely ornate
- reflected aristocratic views like pleasure and happiness
- representative artists include Watteau and Neumann |
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Term
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Definition
- 1684-1721
- French painter of Flemish descent
- called an outstanding Rococo artist by Valenciennes
- worked in shops of mediocre artists until 1704, due to poverty
- 1704-17008, he studied in the studio of Claude Gillot
- placed 2nd in the competition for the Prix de Rome in 1709 |
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Term
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Definition
- 1687-1753
- German architect
- known for his Rococo palaces and churches
- designed fortifications, hydraulic systems, bridges, and other structures
- taught architecture at University of Wurzburg
- supervised construction in principalities of Wurzburg and Bamberg for 20 years |
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Term
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Definition
- style of painting
- often associated with Jacques-Louis David
- meant to be morally uplifting and inspirational
- its subjects were often Greek and Roman history and mythology |
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Term
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Definition
- 1748-1825
- French painter
- introduced neoclassical style in France
- leading exemplar of neoclassical style until the fall of Napoleon
- born into a prosperous middle-class family in Paris on August 30, 1748
- studied at Academie Royale
- wrote Oath of the Horatii, intended as a proclamation of the neoclassical style
where dramatic lighting, ideal forms, and gestural clarity are emphasized |
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Term
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Definition
- director of church music at Church of St. Thomis in Leizpig, 1685
- composed ‘Mass in B minor’, ‘St. Matthew’s Passion’, and other
cantatas/motets, 1723 |
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Term
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Definition
- 1685-1759
- wrote operas and ran an opera company in England
- wrote unusual sounding music for large audiences
- best known for religious music (Messiah)
- had a stormy international career |
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Term
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Definition
- 1732-1809
- musical director for Esterhazy brothers (princes)
- 104 symphonies
- public concerts inspired him to be “liberal” (The Seasons and The Creation) |
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Term
| Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - |
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Definition
musical child prodigy
- wrote hundreds of the greatest classical works of music ever
- died penniless at 35
- Marriage of Figaro, Magic Flute, Don Giovanni |
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Term
| Samuel Richardson’s Pamela |
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Definition
- a.k.a. Virtue Rewarded
- servant girl’s resistance to numerous seduction attempts by her master
- the master realizes her purity and marries her, virtue is rewarded
- appealed to large audience because it was sentimental and emotional |
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| Henry Fielding’s History of Tom Jones, A Foundling |
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Definition
- adventures of a young scoundrel
- presented different levels of English life
- emphasized action rather than inner feeling |
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Term
Edward Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire - great masterpiece of historiography
- 6 volumes
- history used by philosophers to teach
lessons and civilize them according to
philosophers vision |
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Definition
- great masterpiece of historiography
- 6 volumes
- history used by philosophers to teach
lessons and civilize them according to
philosophers vision |
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Term
| Addison and Steele’s Spectator |
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Definition
- magazine begun in 1711
- goal was to bring philosophy and libraries into public
- wished to instruct and entertain
- strong appeal to women |
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Term
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Definition
- new type of school in Germany
- provided a broader education
- more practical than the traditional university |
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| Cesare Beccaria’s On Crimes and Punishments |
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Definition
- new approach to justice
- punishments should only serve as deterrants
- imprisonment was better than capital punishment |
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Term
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Definition
- celebrated the weeks leading up to Lent
- allowed people to indulge themselves and break normal societal rules and taboos
- “farewell to meat” |
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Term
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Definition
- favorite drink of poor people
- cheap, and the classic sign of English taverns |
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Term
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Definition
- short brochures with spiritual and secular material sold to lower classes
- popular did not remain oral due to growing rate of literacy |
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Term
| Joseph II’s Toleration Patent |
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Definition
- 1781, recognized Catholicism’s public practice
- gave Lutherans, Calvinists, and Greek Orthodox right to private worship |
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Term
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Definition
- largest number of Jews
- lived in Eastern Europe
- restricted in movement and forbidden to own land
- forced to pay burdensome taxes
- persecuted |
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Term
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Definition
- expelled from Spain
- settled in Amsterdam, Venice, London, and Frankfurt
- relatively free to participate in commercial activity
- highly successful ones became court Jews
- still resented by society…ya, that’s right Zac! |
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Term
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Definition
| - organized massacres of Jews |
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Term
| Count Nikolaus von Zinzendorf |
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Definition
- 1700-1760
- pietistic man
- part of Moravian brothers
- believed personal experience of God was a true religious experience
- opposed rationalism |
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Term
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Definition
- 17th century movement
- arose in Germany
- fostered a personal experience of God
- the focus of true religious experience |
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Term
| John Wesley and Methodism |
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Definition
- 1703-1791
- Anglican minister, had a mystical experience and became a missionary
- criticized for practicing emotional mysticism and preaching
superstitious nonsense
- appealed to lower classes
- provoked many violent conversions with his charismatic preaching
- tried to keep Methodism in Anglican Church but it eventually separated |
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