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- tried to draw lines between knowledge of religion and knowledge of nature
- title given to Medieval scientists
- used logical analysis instead of systematic observation and experimentation |
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- Medieval chemical science
- speculative philosophy
- aimed to achieve turning lead into gold, discovering a universal cure for disease, and the
means for indefinitely prolonging life |
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- fused with alchemical thought into one intellectual framework
- believed the world was a living embodiment of divinity
- believed humans had that spark of divinity so could use magic
-believed in mathematical magic to dominate nature |
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- built on synthesis of ideas of Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Christian theology
-Late Middle Ages
-branch of metaphysics
-dealt with nature of the universe
-theory or doctrine describing natural order of the universe |
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- 2nd century A.D.
-medieval scholar
-greatest astronomer of antiquity
-created geometric conception
-Greek/ Egyptian philosopher |
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- Ancient philosopher of Middle Ages
- studied physics, medicine, and astronomy
- built cosmological views like the perfection of circular orbit and the idea that the motion of
planets is unchanging
- created idea that object remains at rest unless a force acts against it |
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- series of concentric spheres with a fixed motionless Earth at center
- composed of 4 elements: water, earth, wind, and fire
- Earth was imperfect and constantly changing
- spheres orbit around Earth |
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- beyond the 10th sphere (of geometric universe)
- location of God and all the saved souls |
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- “concentric spheres within spheres”
- “miniature orbits”
- allowed paths of planets to correspond more precisely to observations
- still kept with Aristotle’s ideas of circular planetary movement |
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- Polish astronomer
- studied math and astronomy
- discovered a contradiction of Ptolemy’s system
- created heliocentric (sun-centered) concept
- his system flawed and complicated since he did not reject the circular orbit idea |
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| On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres |
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Definition
- written by Copernicus between 1506 and 1530
- didn’t get published until 1593, shortly before his death,
because he didn’t want to be ridiculed by his peers |
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- 8 spheres, with the sun motionless at the center
- Earth rotated on it’s axis, and revolved around the Sun |
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- Danish nobleman
- worked for 20 years on an island, observing movement and position of stars and planets
- rejected Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system and Copernicus ideas
- imperial mathematician to Emperor Rudolph II
- built elaborate Uraniborg castle |
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- brilliant man
- succeeded Brahe as imperial mathematician
- read Brahe’s work
- developed 3 laws of planetary motion (confirmed and modified Copernican theory)
- supported ideas of elliptical orbit and non-constant motion of the planets
- disapproved traditional Ptolemaic |
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| Kepler’s “music of the spheres” |
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Definition
- written in 1596
- theory that the universe was made of geometric shapes
- believed the harmony of the human soul (divine attribute) was
mirrored in the numerical relationships of the planets |
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| three laws of planetary motion |
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Definition
- confirmed Kepler’s interest in “the music of the spheres”
- confirmed and modified Copernicus’s heliocentric theory
- first 2 laws published in 1609, 3rd law in 1619
- 1st law: orbits of planets around the sun were elliptical, not orbital
- 2nd law: speed of planets decrease further away from the Sun
- 3rd law: the square of a planet’s period of revolution is proportional to
the cube of its average distance from the Sun…basically, math crap
- based on vast astronomical data of Brahe |
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- one of first Europeans to make observations of the heavens using a telescope
- discovered moon craters, 4 moons around Jupiter, sunspots, etc.
- published The Starry Messenger
- condemned by the Catholic Church for supporting Copernicanism
- wrote more books anyway
- brought before the Inquisition
- placed under house arrest for the last 8 years of his life
- discovered inertia
- revolutionized astronomy and physics
- created new field of mechanics
- greatest mathematician and scientist of the first half of the 17th century |
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- revelations of Galileo Galilei
- published in 1610
- made him a firm proponent of Copernicus’s heliocentric ideas |
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| Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems |
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Definition
- written by Galileo in 1632 in Italian
- caused Galileo to be found guilty of defending Copernicus |
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- resistence to change
- according to its law: an object will remain at rest unless a force causes it to move |
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| - convicted Galileo of supporting Copernicus’s beliefs |
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- invented Calculus
- wrote Principia
- his “world machine” operated absolutely in everything
- elaborated 3 laws of motion (“all objects of the universe use the same laws”)
- demonstrated law of gravity with math
- explained gravity |
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- a.k.a “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”
- Newton’s monumental work
- explained his laws of motion and the universal law of gravitation
- written 1687 |
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Term
| universal law of gravitation |
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Definition
- explained why the planets did not simply go off in straight lines
- compilation of works of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
- directly proportional to the product of one’s mass, and invertly
proportional to the square of the distances between them
- not recognized until centuries later |
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- Greek physician
- 2nd century A.D.
- dealt in anatomy, physiology, and disease (four bodily humors)
- very inaccurate with anatomy, because he used animals as a human example
- dominated Late Medieval medicine |
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Term
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- 1st: blood, warm and moist
- 2nd: yellow bile, warm and dry
- 3rd: phlegm: cold and moist
- 4th: black bile: cold and dry
- disease thought to be an imbalance of humors (could be seen in urine…peepee ) |
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- a.k.a Phillippus Aureolus von Hohenheimen
- short-tempered, vain
- rejected works of Aristotle and Galen
- supported chemical philosophy closely connected to macrocosm-microcosm analogy
- believed chemical reactions of the universe were reproduced in humans on a smaller scale
- believed “like cures like”, therefore earning the name “homicide physician”
- known for his ideas on diagnosing and treating diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| -microcosm analogy - human are small beings (microcosm) of larger world (macrocosm) |
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- Flemish doctor
- hands on approach to anatomy…ewww that sounds dirty!
- wrote “On the Fabric of the Human Body” |
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Term
| On the Fabric of the Human Body |
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Definition
- written by Versalius in 1543
- based on his Paduan lectures |
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- English doctor
- discovery of circulation of blood through the body by pumping of the heart
- wrote “On Motion of Heart and Blood” |
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| On the Motion of the Heart and Blood |
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Definition
- written by William Harvey in 1628
- based on his experiments and observations |
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- 1627-1691
- English chemist
- one of first scientists to start controlled experiments
- Boyle’s law: volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it |
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- invented system of naming chemical elements
- founder of modern chemistry |
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- English female philosopher of science
- good example of aristocratic women that became scientists in England/France |
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- 1647-1717
- German entomologist
- known for work on caterpillars |
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- 1670-1720
- astronomer
- discovered a comet
- was denied professional advancement due to her gender |
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- “arguments about women”
- a debate about nature and the value of women
- most men kept the same medieval view |
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- believed knowledge is obtained through logical thinking and deductive reasoning
- wrote “Discourse on Method”
- believed in separation of mind and matter (Cartesiandualism)
- father of rationalism (belief that human reason is, and should be, the chief source of
human knowledge)
- wanted to separate god and religion |
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Term
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Definition
- believed knowledge is obtained through logical thinking and deductive reasoning
- wrote “Discourse on Method”
- believed in separation of mind and matter (Cartesiandualism)
- father of rationalism (belief that human reason is, and should be, the chief source of
human knowledge)
- wanted to separate god and religion |
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Definition
- book written by Descartes in 1637
- described the mind cannot be doubted, but the body and material world can
- from this came absolute duality between mind and body, Cartesian Dualism |
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| (“I think therefore I am”) - said by Descarte |
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- proceeds from general to specific
- prompted by rationalists, like Descartes |
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| - examining and understanding the physical world |
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- English politician and writer
- wrote of scientific method built on inductive principles
- advocate of scientific method
- key empiricist |
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- Bacon’s scientific method theories
- belief that human observation and experimentation are the chief sources of knowledge |
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- proceeds from specific to general
- championed by empiricists, like Bacon |
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- Jewish philosopher
- proponent of pantheism
- earned living in Amsterdam by grinding optical lenses
- thought god and science should unite |
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- a.k.a. monism
- “all that is is in God, and nothing can be apart from God |
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| Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner |
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- talked about pantheism
- written by Spinoza |
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| Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner |
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Definition
- talked about pantheism
- written by Spinoza |
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Definition
- French scientist/ philosopher/ mathematician
- wanted to unite religion and science
- invented a calculating machine
- devised theory of probability
- had a mystical vision and devoted his life to religious matters
- wrote Pensees
- failed to unite Christianity and science |
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- written by Pascal
- unfinished, mostly “thoughts”
- tried to convert Rationalists to Christianity, and keep religion and science together
- tried to reconcile Christianity and the new science |
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- elite clubs
- enabled scientists to communicate ideas to each other
- disseminated ideas to a wider, literate community |
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| French Royal Academy of Sciences |
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Definition
- elite clubs
- enabled scientists to communicate ideas to each other
- disseminated ideas to a wider, literate community |
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- scientific journal
- published weekly beginning 1665
- printed results of experiments and general scientific knowledge |
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| Philosophical Transactions |
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- 1665
- published papers of its members |
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