Term
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Definition
– Consists of lymph, interstitial (tissue) fluid, lymphatics, lymph nodes, isolated nodules of lymphatic tissue, tonsils, thymus, and spleen
(No loss of fluid. One way system-not circulatory. Slow flow [nothing to pump it]) |
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Term
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Definition
clear, watery fluid found in lymphatic vessels
-No plasma proteins or nutrients-mostly liquid [fatty acids go to the lymphatic system before it goes anywhere else. It will have a milky appearance with this] |
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Definition
• Complex and “organized” material that fills spaces between cells
• Interstitial fluid and blood constitute extracellular fluid (ECF) |
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Term
| – Composition of lymph and IF |
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Definition
• Similar to blood plasma
• Plasma contains higher concentration of proteins
• Lymph in thoracic duct twice as high protein conc. as most IF |
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Term
• Lymphatic vessels
• Formation and distribution |
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Definition
– Begin as blind-end capillaries in tissue spaces
– Widely distributed throughout body |
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Definition
| drains into left subclavian vein, and right lymphatic duct, drains into right subclavian vein |
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Definition
| (Lymphatic capillaries in digestive system) lymphatics originating in intestinal villi; after fatty meal contain milky lymph called chyle |
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• Lymphatic vessels
Structure |
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Definition
– Thinner walled than veins and contain more valves
– Lymph nodes located at intervals |
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Term
| Lymphatic vessels function |
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Definition
– Drain interstitial fluid - return water and proteins from IF to blood
– Transport dietary lipids - lacteals absorb fats and other nutrients
– Facilitate immune responses |
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Term
• Lymphatic vessels
• Circulation |
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Definition
– Lymph flow averages 125 ml/hour
– Mechanisms that contribute to effectiveness of “lymphatic pump” (Pulls it back)
• Breathing movements
• Skeletal muscle contractions
• Arterial pulsations
• Contraction of lymphatic walls (More thoracic, the vessles not. Thoracic is limited, but it still contracts-and is the only onnnee!) |
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Term
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Definition
• Lymphatic tissue, separated into compartments by fibrous partitions
• Afferent lymphatics enter each node and efferent lymphatics leave each node
– Usually located in clusters |
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Term
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Definition
| filter out injurious substances and phagocytose them; site of formation of lymphocytes and monocytes |
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Term
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Definition
– Located in mediastinum, extends into lower neck
– Size - relatively largest in comparison to body size at about 2 yrs. of age; absolutely largest at puberty, after which it gradually atrophies; almost disappears by advanced old age |
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Term
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Definition
| forms lymphocytes before birth; produces and distributes T cells involved in cell-mediated immunity |
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Term
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Definition
– Located in left hypochondriac
– Structure - similar to lymph nodes, ovoid in shape, size varies; contains numerous venous blood spaces that serve as blood reservoir |
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Term
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Definition
• Defense - protection by phagocytosis by reticuloendothelial cells and antibody formation by some lymphocytes
• Hemopoiesis of nongranular leukocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes) and of rbc before birth
• Red blood cell and platelet destruction
• Blood reservoir |
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Term
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Definition
| • Pharyngeal (adenoid) • Palatine• Lingual |
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Term
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Definition
| posterior wall of nasopharynx |
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Definition
| tonsillar fossa between arches |
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Definition
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Definition
| – Produce lymphocytes and antibodies; act on foreign substances that are inhaled or ingested |
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Definition
| ability to ward off disease |
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Term
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Definition
| vulnerability or lack of resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| inherited, provides general response against wide variety of organisms |
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Term
| – Specific resistance (immunity) |
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Definition
| production of specific antibody to fight specific pathogens; developed |
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Term
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Definition
| wards off entrance of # of pathogens |
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Definition
| - traps microbes & foreign substances; may be aided by hairs (nose) or cilia |
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Term
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Definition
| washing action of tears helps keep microbes from settling on eyes |
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Definition
| washes microbes from teeth |
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Definition
| keeps microbes from expanding in urinary tract |
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Definition
| protective layer over surface of skin; an unsaturated fatty acid in sebum inhibits growth of some pathogenic bacteria and fungi |
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Term
| – Sudoriferous glands produce |
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Definition
| perspiration which helps wash microorganisms from surface of skin; also contains lysozyme which breaks down cell walls of some bacteria |
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Definition
| high acidity which destroys bacteria in stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| neutrophils are main ones; eosinophils have some ability |
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Term
| – Macrophages (enlarged monocytes which leave bloodstream)- |
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Definition
| some may wander while others remain in certain tissues and are fixed; combination referred to as mononuclear phagocytic (reticuloendothelial) system |
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Term
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Definition
| - phagocytes are attracted to microorganisms by chemicals (pg 889) |
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Term
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Definition
| attachment of cell membrane of phagocyte to surface of microorganism; may involve opsonization (coating of microorganism with plasma proteins {complement}) to enhance attachment of phagocyte |
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Term
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Definition
| involves pseudopod extensions by phagocyte forming phagocytic vesicle |
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Term
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Definition
| - fusion of phagocytic vesicle with lysosome (Once the microorganism gets inside[engulfed by phagocytic]); enzymes of lysosome destroy microorganism |
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Term
| - fusion of phagocytic vesicle with lysosome (Once the microorganism gets inside[engulfed by phagocytic]); enzymes of lysosome destroy microorganism |
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Definition
| alpha, beta, and gamma; produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts |
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Term
| – Protein produced in response to |
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Definition
| some viral infections; induces uninfected cells to inhibit viral replication |
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Term
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Definition
| cell-killing activity of phagocytic cells and inhibit cell growth and suppress tumor formation |
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Term
• Antimicrobial substances
• Complement system |
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Definition
| group of 20 proteins found in blood serum |
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Term
| • Antimicrobial substances |
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Definition
– Some form holes in plasma membrane of microbe causing contents to leak out (cytolysis)
– Bind to surface of microbe promoting phagocytosis (opsonization or immune adherence)
– Contribute to development of inflammation by causing release of histamine
– Chemotactic agents attracting phagocytes to site of inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| population of lymphocytes with ability to kill wide variety of microbes plus some tumor cells; found in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and blood |
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Term
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Definition
| population of lymphocytes with ability to kill wide variety of microbes plus some tumor cells; found in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and blood |
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Term
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Definition
| • Localized response of cells damaged by microbes, physical agents, or chemical agents |
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Term
| • Involves 4 cardinal symptoms: |
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Definition
| redness, pain, heat, and swelling; fifth can be loss of function in injured area |
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Term
| • Steps involved in inflammatory response |
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Definition
– Vasodilation and increased permeability
– Phagocyte migration
– Repair |
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Term
| – Vasodilation and increased permeability |
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Definition
| - arterioles enlarge and become leaky resulting in heat, redness, and edema; several chemicals are released from cells; clotting cascade begins |
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Term
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Definition
| neutrophils exhibit margination(go to the edges) and diapedesis (leaving blood cells and going to injured tissue) to enter injured area for phagocytic activity; neutrophils are followed by monocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| any chemical substance that, when introduced into the body, causes the body to produce specific antibodies and/or specific cells (T cells), which can react with the antigen |
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Term
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Definition
• Immunogenicity
• Reactivity |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to stimulate formation of specific antibodies (provoke an immune response) |
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Term
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Definition
| - ability of antigen to react with produced antibodies or cells |
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Term
• Antigens
– Characteristics |
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Definition
• Most some form of protein or large polysaccharide
• Entire microbe or part of microbe may be antigenic
• Antigen contains antigenic determinant sites on its surface
• Determinant site that has reactivity but not immunogenicity is called a partial antigen or hapten |
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Term
| – Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens - |
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Definition
| glycoproteins that mark the surface of all body cells (except rbc); major role is to help T cells recognize foreign antigens; 2 classes (They help identify cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| - protein produced by body in response to presence of antigen and capable of combining specifically with the antigen; antibodies belong to group of proteins called immunoglobulins; 5 classes |
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Term
• Antibodies (pg 903)
– Structure |
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Definition
• Two heavy (H) chains consisting of more than 400 amino acids
• Two light (L) chains consisting of 200 amino acids
• Each half held together by disulfide bonds and heavy and light chains held by disulfide bonds
• Two regions: variable portion containing antigen-binding site and constant portion which is same for all members of a class |
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Term
| • Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity |
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Definition
| effective against fungi, parasites, intracellular viral infections, cancer cells, and foreign tissue transplants |
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Term
| – T cells exit thymus gland as either |
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Definition
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Term
| – General steps in process of cellular immunity |
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Definition
• Recognition of antigen
• Proliferation and differentiation into effector cells
• Elimination of intruder |
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Term
| – Antigen presenting cells process and present |
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Definition
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Term
| • Contain MHC molecules which are recognized |
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Definition
| by T cell receptors (TCRs) |
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Term
| • Lymphokines are produced as well |
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Definition
| , growth factors that participate in immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| interleukin-1 and interferons that stimulate T cell growth |
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Term
| – T cells presented with antigen become |
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Definition
| sensitized (activated), increasing in size, differentiating, and dividing; gives rise to clones |
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Term
| – Helper T cells (develop from CD4+ cells) - |
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Definition
| aid in antibody production and secrete interleukin-2 which stimulates production of cytotoxic T cells |
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Term
| – Cytotoxic (killer) T cells (develop from CD8+ cells) |
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Definition
| leave lymphoid tissue and travel to site of invasion; attach to invading cell and destroy it; several chemicals released |
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Term
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Definition
| shut down some activities of immune system after several weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| recognize the original invading antigen; initiate swifter reaction on second exposure (pg 905) |
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Term
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Definition
| into plasma cells that produce specific antibodies that circulate in lymph and blood to site of invasion |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies on B cells; antigen is then processed and presented along with human leukocyte associated (HLA) antigens |
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Term
| – Presented antigen and HLA antigens are recognized by helper |
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Definition
| – Presented antigen and HLA antigens are recognized by helper |
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Term
| – Some B cells enlarge and divide into |
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Definition
| clone of plasma cells which secrete antibody (about 2000 molecules/second for each cell for several days) |
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Term
| • Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity - |
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Definition
| effective against bacterial and viral infections |
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Term
| – Remaining B cells remain as |
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Definition
| memory B cells which respond in the future |
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Term
| – Antibodies produced by B cells enter |
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Definition
| circulation and form antigen-antibody complexes; complexes activate complement enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| vaccination (artificially acquired active immunity-weakened or dead virus) |
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Term
| When you’re born you can have passive immunity- |
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Definition
| During birth process you get some of your mother’s antibodies. It doesn’t last though-it protects you till you have developed it’s own immune system and can produce it’s own antibodies. |
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