Term
| common signs and symptoms to GI disorders |
|
Definition
-anorexia
-nausea
-vomiting
-GI bleeding |
|
|
Term
| swallowing mechanism and alterations |
|
Definition
depends on the coordinated action of the tongue and pharynx 7 these structures are innervated by cranial nerves V, IX, X, XII
alterations
dysphagia: difficulty swallowing
odynophagia: painful swallowing
achalasia: failure of esophageal sphincter to relax |
|
|
Term
| factors contributing to protecting the gastric mucosa |
|
Definition
gastric mucosal barrier
-An impermeable epithelial cell surface covering
- Mechanisms for the selective transport of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
- The characteristics of gastric mucus |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of mucus protecting the gastric mucosa |
|
Definition
1. Water-insoluble mucus
- Forms a thin, stable gel that adheres to the gastric mucosal
surface
- Provides protection from the proteolytic (protein-digesting)
actions of pepsin
- Forms an unstirred layer that traps bicarbonate, forming an
alkaline interface between the luminal contents of the
stomach and its mucosal surface
2. water soluble mucus
- Washed from the mucosal surface
- Mixes with the luminal contents
- Viscid nature makes it a lubricant that prevents mechanical
damage to the mucosal surface |
|
|
Term
| what are the major causes of gastric irritation and ulcer formation |
|
Definition
1. aspirin and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
2. infection with H.pylori |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. acute
-transient inflammation of the gastric mucosa
2. chronic
-the absence of grossly visible erosion and the presence of chronic inflammatory |
|
|
Term
| major types of chronic gastritis |
|
Definition
1. Helicobacter pylori gastritis: most common cause of chronic
gastritis
2. Autoimmune gastritis : limited to the body and fundus of the
stomach, results from the presence of autoantibodies to parietal cells and intrinsic factor
3. Multifocal atrophic gastritis: uncertain etiology ,affects
antrum and adjacent areas of stomach, reduced gastric acid
secretion
4. Chemical gastropathy: gastric injury resulting from reflux of
alkaline duodenal contents, pancreatic secretions, and bile into the stomach |
|
|
Term
| what is helicobacter pylori |
|
Definition
| it colonizes mucus, secreting epithelial cells of the stomach, producing enzymes and toxins that have the capacity to interfere with the local protection of the gastric mucosa against acid, produces inflammation eliciting an immune response |
|
|
Term
| how to establish preens of H. pylori |
|
Definition
- C urea breath test using radioactive carbon isotope
-stool antigen test
- endoscopic biopsy for urease testing
- blood tests to obtain serologic titers of h. pylori antibodies |
|
|
Term
| h pylori prognosis and massage |
|
Definition
prognosis: most resolve in 2-3 days, 2-3 weeks may indicate underlying chronic disease
massage: contraindicated while acute, long term situation need information on underlying disorders |
|
|
Term
| what is a peptic ulcer and what causes it |
|
Definition
definition: ulcerative disorders that occur in areas of the upper GI tract that are exposed to acid-pepsin secretions
causes: h. pylori, aspirin, age, warfarin, smoking |
|
|
Term
| complications of petit ulcer |
|
Definition
1. hemorrhage: caused by bleeding from granulation tissue or from erosion of an ulcer into an artery or vein
2. obstruction: cause by edema, spasm, or contraction of scar tissue and interference with the free passage of gastric contents through the pylorus or adjacent areas
3. perforation: occurs when an ulcer erodes through all the layers of the stomach or duodenum wall |
|
|
Term
| risk factors for development of stress ulcers |
|
Definition
-Large-surface-area burns
-Trauma
-Sepsis
-Acute respiratory distress syndrome
-severe liver failure
-Major surgical procedures
-Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: rare condition caused by a
gastrin-secreting tumor (gastrinoma). |
|
|
Term
| conditions causing altered intestinal function |
|
Definition
-Irritable bowel syndrome
-Inflammatory bowel disease
-Diverticulitis
-Appendicitis
-Alterations in bowel motility
-Malabsorption syndrome
-Cancer of the colon and rectum |
|
|
Term
| symptoms/characteristics of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) |
|
Definition
- Persistent or recurrent symptoms of abdominal pain
- Altered bowel function
- Varying complaints of flatulence, bloating
- Nausea and anorexia
- Constipation or diarrhea
- Anxiety or depression |
|
|
Term
| inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) types |
|
Definition
Crohn disease: a recurrent, granulomatous type of inflammatory response that can affect any area of the GI tract from the mouth to anus
ulcerative colitis: a nonspecific inflammatory condition of the colon |
|
|
Term
| how to treat Crohn disease |
|
Definition
-steroids, immunosuppressant drugs
-cytokine inhibitors
-surgery to remove structures (may be repeated)
-dietary adjustments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Indicated for comfort, support during remission
- Avoid deep abdominal work; aim for parasympathetic support and improved digestion
- During flare: circulatory work may be too intrusive |
|
|
Term
| types of infections of the intestine |
|
Definition
1. viral: rotavirus
2. bacterial: clostridium difficile colitis / escherichia coli O157:H7 infection
3. protozoal: entamoeba histolytica |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of diverticulitis |
|
Definition
- Pain in the lower left quadrant
- Nausea and vomiting
- Tenderness in the lower left quadrant
- Slight fever
- Elevated white blood cell count |
|
|
Term
| how to treat diverticular disease |
|
Definition
-prevent with high fibre diet
-for diverticulosis: no treatment may be necessary
-for diverticulitis: antibiotics, controlled diet, surgical correction if need be |
|
|
Term
| diverticular disease and massage |
|
Definition
-if diagnosed, deep abdominal work is CI
- acute infection systemically CI body work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. large volume: osmotic / secretory
2. small volume: inflammatory bowel disease / infectious disease / irritable colon |
|
|
Term
| common causes of constipation |
|
Definition
- Failure to respond to the urge to defecate
- Inadequate fiber in the diet
- Inadequate fluid intake
- Weakness of the abdominal muscles
- Inactivity and bed rest
- Pregnancy
- Hemorrhoids |
|
|
Term
| what causes fecal impaction |
|
Definition
- Painful anorectal disease
- Tumors
- Neurogenic disease
- Use of constipating antacids or bulk laxatives
- A low-residue diet
- Drug-induced colonic stasis
- Prolonged bed rest and debility |
|
|
Term
| what is intestinal malabsorption / causes / symptoms |
|
Definition
def: failure to transport dietary constituent from the lumen of the intestine to the extracellular fuel
causes: celiac disease / inflammatory reaction / neoplasm / colorectal cancer
symptoms: diarrhea / steatorrhea / flatulence / bloating / abdominal pain / cramps / weakness, mm wasting / weight loss / abdominal distention |
|
|
Term
| manifestations and definition of classic form of celiac disease |
|
Definition
def: results form an inappropriate t-cell-mediated immune response against ingested (in genetically predisposed people) and presents in infancy
manifestations: failure to thrive / diarrhea / abdominal distention / occasionally severe malnutrition |
|
|
Term
| how to treat celiac disease |
|
Definition
avoid all gluten ( villi will grow back )
not treating (risk of cancer / brith defects / nerve damage) |
|
|
Term
| celiac disease and massage |
|
Definition
-no direct impact
-clients who manage celiac disease with diet have no CI's
-abdominal work within comfort level |
|
|
