Term
| all injuries that can cause injury to the brain |
|
Definition
| trauma / strokes / tumors / metabolic derangements / digestive disorders |
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Term
|
Definition
| a deprivation of oxygen with maintained blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduced or interrupted blood flow |
|
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Term
| neurological deficits of hypoxia and ischemia |
|
Definition
1. fixed/dilated pupils
2. abnormal/motor posturing
3. coma
4. if brain recovers, there is gradual improvements |
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|
Term
| what is intercranial pressure |
|
Definition
| an increase in inter cranial pressure |
|
|
Term
| ratios of cranial pressure |
|
Definition
| 10% blood 80% brain tissue 10% css |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a brain herniation |
|
Definition
| a displacement of brain tissue under falx of tentorial notch |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a compressed cerebral artery.. displacement of cingulate gyrus beneath falx cerebelli to the opposite side of the brain |
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Term
| causes of Parkinsons disease |
|
Definition
1. not clear idiopathic
2. environmental agents
3. Lewy bodies (clumps of proteins)
4. genetic predisposition
5. drug use
6. pugilistic
7. neuromuscular disease |
|
|
Term
| primary symptoms of Parkinson's disease |
|
Definition
1. non specific achyness (weakness/fatigue)
2. resting tremors
3. bradykinesia
4. rigidity (not the same spasticity)
5. poor postural reflexes |
|
|
Term
| secondary symptoms of Parkinson's disease |
|
Definition
1. shuffling short steps
2. change in speech
3. stooped posture
4. flexed at elbow/wrist/knee/hips
5. change in hand writing
6. sleep disorders
7. depression
8. mental degeneration |
|
|
Term
| treatment for Parkinson's disease |
|
Definition
1. medication
2. l-dopa
3. dopemine drugs
4. anticholinergic agents
5. antiviral
6. surgery to thalamus
7. physical therapy
8. deep brain stimulation |
|
|
Term
| how can massage therapy help Parkinson's disease |
|
Definition
1. can reduce rigidity
2. can improve sleep
3. can be safe and effective |
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|
Term
| infections of CNS (structure) |
|
Definition
1. by structure
- meniges=meningitis
-brain parenchyma = encephalitis
- spinal cord myelitis
-spinal cord myelitis
-brain/spinal cord encephalomyelitis |
|
|
Term
| infections of CNS (organism) |
|
Definition
1. of invading organisms
- bacterial / viral / other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of Pia mater, the arachnoid & css filled suprachnoid space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. fever / chills
2. headaches
3.stiff neck and back
4. extreme pain
5.vomiting and nausea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. acute lymphocytic meningitis
2. acute purulent meningitis
3. bacterial meningitis
- pneumococcus
- minigococous
4. viral meningitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| its the infection of the parenchyma of brain/spinal cord (progressive degeneration of nerve cell bodies) |
|
|
Term
| how does encephalitis transmit |
|
Definition
1. ingestion
2. rabid animal
3. mosquito |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.viral / bacterial / fungal
2. herpes simplex/ westnite virus |
|
|
Term
| classification of brain tumors |
|
Definition
1. primary inter cranial tumors of euro epithelial tissue (neuralgia)
2. primary inter cranial tumors that originate in the skull (not from brain tissue itself)
3. metastatic tumors
4. benign vs malignant |
|
|
Term
| what are structural components of basal ganglia |
|
Definition
1. caudate nucleus
2. putamen
3. globus pallidus (forebrain) |
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|
Term
| disorders of basal ganglia |
|
Definition
1. disturbance in body posture
2. alterations in mm tone
3. involuntary movements |
|
|
Term
| types of involuntary movement |
|
Definition
1. tremors
2.tics
3.chorea
4.athetosis
5.ballismucs
6.dystonia
7. dyskinesias
8. hypo kinetic disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irregular wriggling movement of the face, raising eyebrows, rolling of eyes, and curling/withdrawal of tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continues worm like twisting of the body, turning motion of the joints/limbs of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| violent sweeping motions (especially on one side of the Body) = hemiballisma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal maintenance of posture resulting form twisting/turning of limbs/neck/trunk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wriggling/writhing movement |
|
|
Term
| what is a hypokenetic disorder |
|
Definition
| slowness in initiation movement & reduced range/force of movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal behaviour caused by an electrical discharge form neurone in the cerebral cortex |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| specific seizure type of motor seizure including the entire body |
|
|
Term
| treatments & evolution methods for brain tumors |
|
Definition
1. surgery
2. ct scans
3. chemotherapy
4. visual field funduscopic exam
5. physical/neurologic exam
6. mrt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. syndromes of associated seizure types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. partial seizures (simple/complex)
-absence / atonic / myclonic / tonic / clonic (seizures)
2. unclassified seizures ( inadequate or incomplete data) |
|
|
Term
| what is status epilepticus |
|
Definition
| its continual seizures, that don't stop spontaneously that off left untreated can cause death due to respiratory failure |
|
|
Term
| what is post concussion syndrome |
|
Definition
| conclusion refers to an immediate and transient loss of consciousness accompanied by brief period of amnesia after a blow to the head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results of vascular injury or bleeding in epidural, subdural, subarachnoid and intracerebral compartment |
|
|
Term
| epidural hematoma cause, where it developed, resulting from what & symptoms |
|
Definition
cause: head injury in which the skull is fracutred
resulting: tear of meninges artery
symptoms: ipsilateral pupil dialation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is an acute neurological vascular disorder |
|
|
Term
| what is an ischemic stroke |
|
Definition
| an interruption of blood flow in the cervical vessel (makes up 70-80% of strokes) |
|
|
Term
| what is an hemorrhagic stroke |
|
Definition
| bleeding into the brain tissue usually from a blood vessel rupture |
|
|
Term
| what is a TIA (transient ischemic attack) |
|
Definition
| lasts 1-2 hours, is due to temporary disturbance in cerebral blood flow |
|
|
Term
| what is a thrombotic stroke (large vessel) |
|
Definition
| occurs in atherosclerotic blood vessels, generally seen in older people and occurs when a person is at rest |
|
|
Term
| what is a lacunar stroke (small vessel) |
|
Definition
| found in arteries supplying internal capsules/basal ganglion and brain stem, doesn't cause cortical deficits |
|
|
Term
| what is a cardiogenic embolic stroke |
|
Definition
| caused by moving blood clot to the brain, occurring in the middle cerebral & carotid artery |
|
|
Term
| how to treat and acute stroke |
|
Definition
| neuroprotection including drugs that limit calcium |
|
|
Term
| what is a aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage |
|
Definition
bleeding into the subarachnoid space.. causing
- congenital defect
- acute increase in icp
- cigarette smoking
- hypertension
- excessive alcohol intake |
|
|
Term
| what is an arteriovenous malformation |
|
Definition
hemodynamic effect...
- first the blood is shunted from the high pressure arterial system to low pressure venous system without buffering advantage of capillary network
- the dividing venous channels are exposed to high pressure making them easier to rupture --> hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assisting the agonist muscle by stabilizing a joint or contributing additional force to the movement |
|
|
Term
| motor systems and their manifestations |
|
Definition
pyramidal: that originates in the motor cortex providing control to delicate muscle movement
extrapyramidal: originates in the basal ganglia, providing background more crude/supportive movement pattern |
|
|
Term
| disorders of motor function |
|
Definition
1. Upper motor neuron lessions
- can invade the motor cortex the internal capsule or brain structure through which corticospinal/corticobulbar tracts descend on the spinal cord
2. low motor lesions
- disrupt communication b/w the muscle, all neural input from spinal cortex reflexes including the stretch reflex, which maintain muscle tone |
|
|
Term
| upper motor neuron lesions (UMNL) definition |
|
Definition
| is interrupted communication b/w spinal cord reflexes & higher brain centre, resulting in unregulated reflexes & increased muscles tone... spastic paralysis |
|
|
Term
| lower motor neuron lesions (LMNL) definiton |
|
Definition
| interrupted communicated b/w muscle & spinal cord reflexes causing loss in reflex activity & decreased muscle tone... flaccid paralysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a skeletal muscle disorder, when a normally innervated muscle is not used for a long time the muscle shrinks in diameter/ loses their contractile protein.. weakens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a skeletal muscle disorder, a genetic disorder of progressive deterioration of skeletal muscle because of hypertrophy, atrophy/neurosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of deep interrelated subcortical nuclei that controls movement, it receives input form the cerebellum from all sensory systems/vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
brain swelling increasing tissue volume
- two types: cytotoxic & vasogenic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs in conditions that impair the function of the BBB, allowing the transfer of water & protein from vascular into th interstitial space.. occurring in tumors, prolonged ischemia, brain injury... carried by white matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves and increase in intercellular fluid, due to water intoxication or severe ischemia impairing the Na+K+ pump |
|
|
Term
| what is interstitial edema |
|
Definition
edema of the white matter as in hydrocephalus affecting the brain
treatment: corticosteroid therapy & osmotic diuretics (mannitol) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an abnormal increase in csf volume in any part or all of the ventricular system |
|
|
Term
| hydrocephalus symptoms in kids and adults |
|
Definition
kids: head expands, bulging of frontals, seizures, blindness, weakness etc..
adults: increase ICP, headache, vomiting |
|
|
Term
| classifications of skull fractures |
|
Definition
1. simple or linear: a break in bone continuity
2. comminuted: a splinter or multiple fracture lines
3. depressed: bone fragments are imbedded into the brain tissue
4. basilar: a fracture of the bones that form the the base of the skull |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is a motor function disorder that occurs from damage to the immature brain, lesions occur from half way thru pregnancy to seven days postpartum up to 3 years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. ataxic: (rare) shaking, intention tremor, poor balance
2. dystonic: slow involuntary movement of trunk
3. spastic: most common (50-80%) & in some areas
4. athetoid: weak muscle, involuntary writhing movement |
|
|
Term
| cerebral palsy complications |
|
Definition
1. seizures
2. contractures
3. digestion problems
4. changes in hearing & vision |
|
|
Term
| signs and symptoms of cerebral palsy |
|
Definition
1. hyper/hypotonicity
2. poor control
3. random movement |
|
|
Term
| treatments and medications for cerebral palsy |
|
Definition
1. brace / other aids
2. occupational and physical therapy
3. skills to live as functional as possible |
|
|
Term
| what is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) |
|
Definition
| upper motor disease, a progressive degeneration of neurons in the CNS/PNS |
|
|
Term
| signs and symptoms of ALS |
|
Definition
1. 75% In spinal variation ( loss of coordination )
2. speech, swallowing, control of tongue
3. extreme mood swings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. history, physical exam
2. nerve conduction studies
3. mri |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. moderate exorcise (occupational therapy and physical therapy)
2. heat whirlpools
3. speech therapy
4. assistive devices: wheelchairs, brace etc.. |
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