Term
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Definition
Permanent Settlements (Towns & Villages)
Farming
Domestication |
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Term
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Definition
Along River Valleys/Fertile Soil
Nile, Indus, Huang He, Tigris and Euphrates
Egyptian Civilization, Indus Civilization, Mesopotamia |
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Term
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Definition
Fertile Soil
Communication and Transportation
Unify People |
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Term
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Definition
Strict Social Order
Eye for an Eye
Like other codes of law |
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Term
| Mandate of Heaven/ Dynastic Cycle |
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Definition
Similar to the European Theory of Divine Right
Believed Authority to Rule came from God
If things go well, the emperor has this; if things go badly, they lost this
Ends in 1911 (1st Chinese Revolution) |
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Term
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Definition
India and Southeast Asia
Seasonal Winds that bring much needed rain or dry air; could be devastating (i.e - In Bangladesh) |
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Term
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Definition
Strategic Locations for Trade
Bosporus, Dardanelles, Malacca, Hormuz and Magellan
Constantinople |
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Term
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Definition
Limit Communication
Limit Travel and Trade
Act as Barriers |
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Term
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Definition
Improve Communication, Travel, and Trade
Bring Unity |
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Term
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Definition
The Koran/Qur'an
Five Pillars
Monotheistic/Mohammad and Allah |
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Term
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Definition
Monotheistic
The Torah
The Covenant - The promised land - Israel |
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Term
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Definition
Seeks Social Order, Harmony, & Stability
The Five Relationships/ Importance of Family and Ethics
Filial Piety and Analects |
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Term
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Definition
The Caste System/ Rigid Class System; Reincarnation
Dharma and Karma/ Moksha Ahimsa |
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Term
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Definition
Siddhartha Guatama
Reincarnation/ Nirvana
4 Noble Truths $ Eightfold Path |
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Term
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Definition
Monotheistic
Roots in Judaism
Jesus Christ = Savior |
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Term
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Definition
Spirits in Nature
Practiced in Japan
A form of Animism |
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Term
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Definition
Practiced in Africa
Similar to Shintoism/ Spirits in Nature
Traditional African Societies |
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Term
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Definition
Exchange of ideas between different cultures
Ex: Buddhism spreading from India into China & Southeast Asia
Occurs along trade routes - Silk Road |
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Term
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Definition
| Growing Trade and Dependence among nations |
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Term
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Definition
Birthplace of Democracy
Questioning Spirit and Curiosity
Pericles and the Golden Age of ______ |
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Term
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Definition
Early form of a Totalitarian Gov't
Militaristic Spirit
Little Culture |
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Term
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Definition
Elected Leaders
12 Tables of Law
Goddess of Justice
(place) |
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Term
| Imperial Rome (27 a.d. - 476 a.d.) |
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Definition
Centralized Gov't, All roads lead to ____
Collapsed in 476 a.d. = led to chaos and disorder in Europe; led to rise of Feudalism |
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Term
| Byzantine Empire (300 a.d. - 1453 a.d.) |
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Definition
Justinian's Code/ Preservation of Greek and Roman Thought
Capital City = Constantinople; important trading center
Eastern Orthodox religion and Cultural Diffusion with Russia |
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Term
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Definition
Trading Center between Europe and Asia
Capital of Byzantine |
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Term
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Definition
| Roman Law: Preservation of Classical civilization |
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Term
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Definition
Cultural Diffusion
Trade route between Europe and Asia
Spread of Buddhism |
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Term
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Definition
Northern Africa
Mohammad and the Jihad
570 - 800 a.d. |
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Term
| The Golden Age of Islam (800 - 1200 a.d.) |
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Definition
800 - 1200 a.d.
Advances in Science and Math
Calligraphy
House of Wisdom |
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Term
| Medieval Europe (500 - 1300s a.d.) |
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Definition
Feudalism/ Decentralized Political System
Powerful Catholic Church/ main goal = salvation
Gothic Cathedrals - Tall spires/ stained glass windows |
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Term
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Definition
Rigid Social Class System
Need for stability, security, and order
Similar to Japanese Feudalism |
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Term
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Definition
Stressed Honor and Loyalty
Similar to Code of Bushido
Code followed by Medieval Knights |
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Term
| The Crusades (1095 - 1300s) |
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Definition
Positive result = Increased Trade between Asia and Europe
Negative Result = Lasting hatred between Christians and Muslims
Original Purpose = Reclaim Holy Land (Jerusalem) |
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Term
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Definition
Code of Bushido
Rigid Social Class System
Shogun, Daimyo, Samurai |
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Term
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Definition
Japanese Isolation
Forbade Contact with Foreigners
Ended in 1868 |
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Term
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Definition
Environment of the Mongols
Semi-arid and grass land
Nomadic people until the rise of Genghis Khan |
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Term
| The Mongol Empire (1200s - 1400s) |
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Definition
Empire that spread from Asia to Eastern Europe
Isolated Russia for several centuries
Tributes and taxes given to the Khans
"The Exceptions" |
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Term
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Definition
Early African trading civilizations, Salt and Gold
Eastern Africa Cultural Diffusion
Christianity |
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Term
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Definition
Early African Trading civilizations, Salt and Gold
Western Africa
Cultural Diffusion: Islam from Northern Africa |
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Term
| The Black Plague (1348 - 1351) |
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Definition
Caused social and economic collapse
Break down of Feudalism
End of the Middle Ages |
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Term
| The Renaissance (1400 and 1500s) |
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Definition
Humanism and Individualism, Questioning Spirit
Rebirth of the ideals of Classical civilizations (Greece and Rome)
Secularism |
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Term
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Definition
Believed that ends justify the means
Interests of the State and Leader are the most important
Wrote The Prince |
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Term
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Definition
Wrote the 95 Theses
Speaking out about the practice of selling indulgences |
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Term
| Catholic/Counter Reformation |
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Definition
Council of Trent
Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits
Reaffirm Catholic Doctrine and reforms little |
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Term
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Definition
Chinese Exploration (Early 1400s)
Ended because of Confucian beliefs about trade
Chinese Isolation after his exploration ends |
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Term
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Definition
(The Sick Man of Europe in 1800s)
Islamic Empire
Suleiman the Lawgiver |
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Term
| Motives for European Exploration |
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Definition
(Old Imperialism) God, Glory, and Gold
Need for a new trade route to Asia after Constantinople falls to the Ottomans in 1453
1) Desire for Riches and Spices
2) Spread Christianity curiosity, that was stimulated by the Renaissance, around the world |
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Term
| European Explorers (1500 - 1600s) |
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Definition
Columbus - Discovers the Americas
Ferdinand Magellan - Circumnavigates the Globe
De Gama and Dias - Travel around Africa and get to Asia |
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Term
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Definition
Empire located in present day Mexico and Central America
Highly advanced and unified under one leader
Taken over by the Spanish and Cortes b/c the Spanish were more technologically advanced |
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Term
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Definition
Empire located in present day Peru
Highly advanced
Taken over by Spanish and Pizarro b/c Spanish were more technologically advanced |
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Term
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Definition
First slaves were Indians but too many dies from disease
Africans replace Indians
Arabs, Africans and Europeans were involved in the slave trade |
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Term
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Definition
Route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
Included the Middle Passage (Between Africa and the Americas) |
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Term
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Definition
Economic Theory
Developed and practiced by European countries in the 1500 - 1700s
Main Objective - To increase the amount of Bullion (Gold and Silver) that a nation possesses; the idea that hard currency is good |
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Term
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Definition
Led to an Unequal Trade relationship
Between Mother Countries and their colonies |
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Term
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Definition
Practiced in the Americas and enforced by Europeans
Exploited the Native workers/ forced labor |
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Term
| Absolutism (1500s - 1700s) |
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Definition
Govt is Dominated by one person - Usually a king or queen
Ex: Louis XIV, Ivan the Terrible, Phillip II, Akbar the Great, and Charles II |
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Term
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Definition
Similar to the Mandate of Heaven in that the ruler received authority to rule from God
Most Absolute Rulers believed in this |
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Term
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Definition
Believed in Natural Rights - Life, Liberty and PROPERTY, - and the protection of the (Social Contract)
People were born naturally good
People have the right to overthrow a govt if it doesn't protect their Natural Rights |
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Term
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Definition
People were born naturally bad
Believed in Absolutism |
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Term
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Definition
| First Document to limit the power of the English king |
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Term
| English Revolution (1689) |
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Definition
Also known as the Glorious Revolution
Limited the power of the monarchy of England
Made Parliament as powerful as the English king |
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Term
| The Scientific Revolution (1500 and 1600s) |
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Definition
Involved thinkers like Copernicus, Newton, and Galileo
Thinkers focused on nature and how it worked
Heliocentric Theory Developed |
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Term
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Definition
Ex: Maria Theresa and Catherine the Great
Absolute Rulers who also worked to improve their subjects' lives |
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Term
| Causes of the French Revolution (1789-1799) |
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Definition
Inspired by the success of the American Revolution and the ideas of Enlightenment
Plight of the 3rd estate/ Unfair social system
France almost Bankrupt |
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Term
| Effects of the French Revolution |
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Definition
Rise of Napoleon
Development of Nationalism
Inspired Latin American Revolutions |
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Term
| Latin American Revolutions of the 1800s |
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Definition
Important individuals: Simon Bolivar, Toussaint L'Ouverture, & Jose de San Martin
Caused by inequalities, esp. in land ownership, inherent in the colonial system
No unification of South America (Gran Columbia) due to different cultures |
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Term
| Congress of Vienna (Held 1814-1815 during Napoleon's Last Days) |
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Definition
Main Goals: Compensation, Legitimacy, and Balance of Power
Reactionary in nature/ Wanted to return things in Europe back to the way they were before the French Revolution |
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Term
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Definition
The desire to have one's own independent nation
A.K.A Nationalist Movements
Love and Devotion to one's nation |
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Term
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Definition
Extreme Nationalism
Ex: Hitler's Germany, Mussolini's Italy
Nationalist Groups: India National Congress, the Zionists, The Slavs/ Pan Slavism (The Black Hand) |
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Term
| Industrial Revolution (1700s and 1800s) |
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Definition
Started in England
Poor working conditions and pay
Factory System/ growth of cities |
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Term
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Definition
Developed the idea of Laissez-Faire (hands off)
Wrote the Wealth of Nations
Free Trade |
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Term
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Definition
Wanted to overthrow Capitalism and develop a fairer system (Communism)
Thought workers (proletariat) were being exploited and urged them to unite |
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Term
| Causes of Imperialism (late 1800s) |
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Definition
Need for raw materials and new markets
Belief that European Culture was superior to that of the natives (Social Darwinism)
Desire to become more powerful and White Man's Burden (Uplift or Civilize the Natives) |
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Term
| Berlin Conference (1884-1885) |
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Definition
Major European nations carved up or divided Africa into colonies
A.K.A the Scramble for Africa |
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Term
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Definition
(Similar to the outcome of the Berlin Conference)
Areas in China that were taken over or dominated by Europeans
Unequal Treaties (Treaty of Nanking) placed on China after Opium War, led to Nationalist Sentiment in China (Boxers) |
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Term
| Chinese Revolution (1911) |
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Definition
Boxer Rebellion helped cause it
Ended Dynastic Rule in China
Led by Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai Shek
Three Principles: Democracy, Nationalism, and Economic well being |
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Term
| Meiji Restoration (Started in 1868) |
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Definition
Japan modernizes+Educates Itself+Industrializes = Japan itself becomes more Imperialistic
Japan Westernizes but doesn't fall victim to Imperialism from other nations |
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Term
| Imperialistic Japan (Late 1800s - Early 1900s) |
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Definition
Driven by its need for resources
Becomes and Asian Power
Sino-Japan War (1894) and Ruso-Japan War (1904) |
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Term
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Definition
Trench Warfare/ use of Poisonous Gas
Alliance System and the Spark
Central Power vs. Allied Powers |
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Term
| Russian Revolution (AKA Bolshevik Revolution) (1917) |
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Definition
Bread, Land, and Peace
Ended Romanov Dynasty and Russia becomes 1st Communist Nation
Led by Lenin/ New Economic Policy & Secret Police |
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Term
| Treaty of Versailles (1919) |
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Definition
Treaty Signed after WWI - War Guilt Clause
Heavy Reparations Paid by Germany
Germany and Hyperinflation - the Rise of Hitler |
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Term
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Definition
Father of Modern Day Turkey
Westernized and Modernized Turkey
Similar to the Shah of Iran |
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Term
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Definition
Fought for Indian independence from Britain
Civil Disobedience/ Passive Resistance
Salt March and Homespun Movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Policy of Appeasement to grant concessions with hope that Hitler will be better in the future |
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Term
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Definition
Anti-Semitism/Holocaust/Genocide/Final Solution
Ultra-Nationalistic Nazi Party/ Fascism |
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Term
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Definition
Axis Powers vs. Allied Powers
Total War
Key Events: D-Day and Hiroshima & Nagasaki |
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Term
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Definition
Marshall Plan - Plan to rebuild Europe
Japan: New Constitution is written and Military is limited
The United Stats and the Soviet Union begin the Cold War |
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Term
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Definition
Soviet Union Communist Leader
Makes the Soviet Union a powerful nation through Collectivism and Five Year Plan
Kills or Exiles those who challenge him (The Great Purges) |
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Term
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Definition
Communist Soviet Union vs. Democratic United States
Warsaw Pact(Communist Alliance) vs. N.A.T.O (Democratic Alliance)
Key Events: Berlin Airlift, Space Race, Cuban Missile Crisis, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
Assembly of representatives from all over the world
Major purpose: Promote peace among nations
Security Council and the General Assembly |
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Term
| European Union/ Common Market |
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Definition
End Tariffs between nations
Promote cooperation between European Nations
Similar to N.A.F.T.A/ Greater Interdependence |
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Term
| N.A.F.T.A (North American Free Trade Agreement) |
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Definition
End Tariffs between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico
Promote cooperation between North American countries
Promotes Interdependence |
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Term
| O.P.E.C (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) |
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Definition
Mainly made up of Middle Eastern Countries
Seeks to often limit the amount of oil exported to the world's market
Uses oil as a weapon |
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Term
| Chinese Communist Revolution (Late 1940s) |
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Definition
| Led by Mao Zedong/ Defeated the Nationalist forces |
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Term
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Definition
Chinese leader that received the support of the peasants
Great Leap Forward |
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Term
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Definition
Ordered by Mao Zedong
Goal: To purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation |
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Term
| Indian Independence (1947) |
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Definition
Gandhi
Divide the former colony of India into Hindu India and Islamic Pakistan
Massacre between the Hindus and Muslims during the Great Migration
Dispute over Kashmir |
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Term
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Definition
The Homespun Movement
Civil Disobedience and Passive Resistance
Gandhi |
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Term
| African Independence Movements (mainly in the 1960s) |
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Definition
| Boundaries made up by the European Nations during Imperialism didn't account for tribal/ ethnic differences |
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Term
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Definition
Took place after WWII because former European Mother Countries could no longer keep colonies
Most African Nations still struggling after independence |
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Term
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Definition
In South Africa Blacks were separated and seen as inferior to the Whites
Organization that sought to end Apartheid - African National Congress (A.N.C.); Leader = Nelson Mandela |
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Term
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Definition
Ended French Colonial Rule
Vietnam War
Ho Chi Minh - revolutionary Nationalist leader and Communist |
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Term
| Creation of Israel (1948) |
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Definition
Goal of Zionism = fulfilled
Arab-Israeli Wars/Instability in the Middle East since 1948 |
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Term
| The P.L.O (Palestinian Liberation Organization) |
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Definition
Led by Yasser Arafat
Fighting for an independent Palestine |
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Term
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Definition
Terrorism often occurring in the Middle East (Islam and Arab vs. Jewish Conflict)
Often Targets Innocent Civilians |
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Term
| The Iranian Revolution (1979) |
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Definition
Led by Ayatollah Khomeini and Islamic Fundamentalists
Overthrew the Shah and set up Islamic Theocracy
Returned Iran to an Islamic Society and Government |
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Term
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Definition
Saddam Hussein
Iraq's dispute with Kuwait
Iraq defeated by a coalition of forces led by the U.S. |
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Term
| Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe (Late 1980s and Early 1990s) |
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Definition
Failure of Communism to meet economic needs and political desires
Berlin Wall is taken down (1989) |
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Term
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Definition
Soviet Leader during the 1980s and early 1990s
His policies of Perestroika and Glasnost helped to end Communism in the Soviet Union
Was replaced by Boris Yeltsin because his reforms didn't go far enough |
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Term
| The Aftermath of Communism in Eastern Europe |
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Definition
Former Communist nations having difficulty making the transition to democracy and capitalism
Ethnic conflict in several former Communist nations
Few communist nations left: North Korea, China, and Cuba |
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Term
| Communist Cuban Revolution (1959) |
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Definition
Led by Fidel Castro
Cuba became the first Communist nation in the western hemisphere
Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis |
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Term
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Definition
Attempt to produce a greater amount of crops
Attempt to produce crops that are more resistant to disease
Used in developing nations |
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Term
| Developing Nations (Poorer Nations) |
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Definition
Mainly in the Southern Sphere of the world
Most were colonies of another nation at one point
Most struggle with Poverty, Hunger, Illiteracy, Disease, Lack of Medicine, and Lack of technology |
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Term
| Developed Nations (Richer Nations) |
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Definition
Mainly in the Northern Sphere of the world
Most were Mother Countries at one point
Have High Technology, Little Poverty, Little Hunger, High Life Expectancy, High Literacy, and High Employment |
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Term
| Hot Spots of the World Today |
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Definition
India and Pakistan
North and South Korea
China and Taiwan |
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