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500 BCE to 500 CE. Included the civilizations of Persia, China, Mesopotamia, and the Mediterranean
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| The first king of the newly independent kingdom of Lydia. Very wealthy leader. He consulted an oracle, and mistakenly interpreted his results as encouragement to attack the Persians. He failed, and his kingdom was taken over by Cyrus the Great. |
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| Formidable general. Conquered Lydian military when they tried to take over the Persians. Founder of the Achaemenid empire. |
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| Members of the Achaemenid society, the first Persian empire. Iranian decent, located in Western Asia. Largest classical empire of all. Two main kings: Darius and Cyrus. |
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| Two closely related peoples who descended from pastoral peoples. They were the main citizens of the Achaemenid empire. |
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| An Achaemenid king who was known for extending the empire both east and west, as well as for being a great administrator. He centralized gov't( Persepolis) while delegating power to local gov'ts, built the Royal Road and organized a postal service, developed a taxation system, and funded projects to improve agriculture. Could not conquer Greece. |
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| The capital city that Darius built as part of his centralization of gov't. |
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| Taxation and gov't districts. There were 23 satraps in the empire. |
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| A road that stretched about 2,575 km from the Aegean port of Ephesus to Sardis in Anatolia, through Mesopotamia along the Tigris, to Susa in Iran, and an extension to Pasargadae and Persepolis. |
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| underground canals used to irrigate farmlands while minimizing the amount of water lost to evaporation. |
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| Fourth king of the Achaemenids. Darius' successor. Attempted to replicate Darius' expedition to Greece, but also failed. |
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| The battle in which Alexander the Great took over Persia. 334 BCE. |
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| A young Macedonian general who led an army of about forty-eight thousand men to take over Persia. Accidentally burned Persepolis to the ground. He died in 323 BCE. |
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| A battle that occurred in 331 BC, between Alexander of Macedon, and Darius III. This battle was a key victory for the Macedonians, and it led to the ultimate demise of the Persian Empire |
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| Those who belonged to the Seleucid Dynasty of the Persian empire. Second empire. Seleucus was one of Alexander's generals, and he won in the conflicts that succeeded Alexander's death. He then founded the Seleucid Empire circa 320 BCE. |
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| Those who belonged to the third Dynasty of the Persian empire, circa 247 BCE-224 CE. |
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| Those who belonged to the final Dynasty (fourth) of the Persian empire, circa 224-651 CE |
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| A Sasanid king that stabilized the western frontier by creating buffer states between them and the Romans. |
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| One of the first salvation religions to influence the Persians. Founded by Zarathustra. |
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| A hallucinogenic utilized by the Zoroastrians to receive visions. |
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| The main prophet of the Zoroastrian religion. Left home when young and gained spiritual knowledge through meditation and alone time. |
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| Priests in the Zoroastrian religion. Similar to brahmins. |
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| The principal god of the Zoroastrians. |
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| The opposing force to Ahura Mazda (the Devil) |
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| Some of Zarathustra's works that still survive. Mostly hymns and treaties on the themes of morality and theology. |
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| A salvation religion that focused on the struggle between good and evil. It originated in Sassanid Persia. It is often thought to be a precursor to Christianity |
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