John Calvin

theologian whose tenets defined Presbyterianism 

[image]

Martin Luther

 theologian who led the Reformation

[image]

The Council of Trent

a council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 to examine and condemn the teachings of Martin Luther and other Protestant reformers

[image]

Witch Hunting

 searching out and harassing dissenters

The Thirty Years War

was a series of wars principally fought in Central Europe,  It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, and one of the longest continuous wars in modern history.

[image]

Charles V

ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519

State Power

the capacity of a state to regulate behaviours and enforce order within its territory

[image]

The Spanish Inquisition

an inquisition initiated in 1478 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella that guarded the orthodoxy of Catholicism in Spain

Missionary Effects

One of the goals of expanding was to spread the Christian religion, similar to Buddhism and Islam (which are missionary religions)

[image]

The Dutch Republic

was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, to 1795

[image]

Volta Do Mar

Prevailing winds and currents often forced mariners to take indirect routes to their destinations. By the fifteenth century Portuguese mariners had developed a strategy called Volta do mar ("return to the sea")which forced them to get out of their way. Despite the trouble, it allowed them to move much faster, safer, and more reliable.

[image]

Bartolomeu Dias

was a portuguese explorer who was the first to sail around the Cape of Good hope( aka the tip of Africa) and enter the indian ocean (in 1488). However he did not continue his journey to india after passing the cape becuase there was a storm. The route he foun offered the Europeans to buy items themselves, rather than buying it from a middle man ( muslim merchants).  

[image]

The Sun King

(aka Louis XIV) king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles

The Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

[image]

Urbanization

the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more and more people begin living and working in central areas

Capitalism

Joint-Stock Company

a company whose stock is owned together by the shareholders

The Putting Out System

is a means of subcontracting work

[image]

Serfdom

an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate.

[image]

Nuclear Family

a couple and their dependent children, regarded as a basic social unit.

[image]

Ptolemaic Universe

served as the predomiant cosmological system in many ancient civilizations such as ancient Greece

[image]

The Copernican Universe

states that the Earth is not in a central, specifically favored position in the universe

Peter I

czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government; he extended his territories in the Baltic and founded St. Petersburg

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries

Isaac Newton

English mathematician and physicist; remembered for developing the calculus and for his law of gravitation and his three laws of motion

Voltaire

(aka Francois-Marie Arouet) French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment

Deism

belief in the existence of supreme being, specifically a creator who does not intervene in the universe.

[image]

Protestant Reformation

 a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Vasco De Gama

In 1497 da Gama left porteguess with four ships bound to India, making him the first to sail around the Cape of Good Hope and actually reaching India.His voyage was not pleasent and in all he lost about half his men. However the cargo he brought back was extremely profitable .

[image]

Christopher Columbus

was a portuguese who believed that it was possible to reach Indiaby going westward. However the Royals of Portugues didnt believe that was possible, so he went to Fernando and Isabel of Spain, who gave him three ships to sail. However Columbus idea was actually wrong and he accidently found the Caribeans, without any knowledge that it wasnt India.

[image]

Ferdinand Magellan

was from portugal ( they didnt support his journey), however he sailed for Spain. Magellan sailed the whole world, this is called the Circumnavigation.

[image]

Captain James Cook

led three expeditions to the Pacific and was killed while in Hawai'i. His voyages allowed geographers to understand the world's ocean basins, their land and their people.

[image]

Portuguese Trading Post

Portuguese built trading post in other empires to control trade routes, then forced merchant's vessels to come to their trading sites and pay duties there.

[image]

English and Dutch Trading Post

English and Dutch merchants built trading posts and unlike the Portuguesse they did not attempt to control shipping sites. This gave them an advantage by making it faster and cheaper. In addition bigger ships were able to sail which gave them an economical and military edge over their competitors.

[image]

Trading Companies

English East India Company and (Dutch) the United East India Company ( aka VOC) allowed for people to make an investment in their company and gain money if they were successful( which they were). The companies had power to buy, sell, build trading post and even declare war in the company's interest.

[image]

Philippines conquest

In 1565 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, who was sent by king Philip II of Spain, conquered the Philippines. The conquest was practically bloodless since the Philippines had no central government and there was no organized resistance to the spainish. The spanish mainly revolved trade in the Philippines and spread Christianity

[image]

Manila

Part of the spanish policy consisted in evolving the trade in the Philippines. Manila soon became a bustling port city (mostly silk) and quickly became the hub of spanish commercial activity.

[image]

Conquest of Java

Dutch imposed ruling on the islands of Indonesia and concentrated on trade, particularly spices like clover, nutmeg, and mace. This was unlike the spanish conquest in the Philippines since the Dutch did not concentrate on religion.

[image]

Siberia Natives

There were originally about 26 major ethnic groups that lived in Siberia prior to the Russian coming. Due to violence and disease much of the Siberia natives died.

[image]

Russian occupation in Siberia

Russian settlers in Siberia often included social misfits, convicted criminals, the poor, and prisoners of war. Other than the harsh climate, conditions were much better here for the poor than in Russia. The Russian changed the landscape of the region by planting small farms near trading posts, particularly near the Amur River.

[image]

Seven Year War

Commercial rivalries and political differences was the cause the seven year war. This global conflict took place in Europe, India, Caribbean, and North America.

E:British and Prussia VS France, Austria, and Russia

I:British VS France ( both allied with local rulers)

C: Britian VS Spain and France

NA:British VS France ( both allied with indigenous people)

[image]

Epidemic Disease

After the Columbian exchange many disease brought a large decline in indigenous people. Most of these disease were smallpox, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, and influenza.

[image]

Food Crops and Animals

During the Columbian exchange wheat, vines, horses, cattle, pig, sheep, goats, and chickens went to Europe to Americas. Maize, Potatoes, Beans, Tomatoes, Peppers, Peanuts, manioc, papayas, guava, avocados, Pineapples, and Cacao came to America.

[image]

Population Growth

Due to the  Increased amount of food crops and animals

1500             425 Million

1600             545 million

1700             610 Million

1800             900 Million

[image]

African Slave Trade

During the 1500 to 1800 the largest contingent of migrants consisted of enslaved Africans transported involuntarily to South America, North America, and Caribbean destination

[image]

Manila Galleons

Manila galleons were sleek, fast, heavily armed ships capable of carrying large cargoes.  They took Asian luxury goods to Mexico and exchanged them for silver.

[image]

Missionary Effect

Other than economic reasons, spreading chrisitianity was another reason for expanding territory.

[image]

Navigation Tools

Navigation tools that helped them sail the seas include the magnetic compass and the astrolabes.

[image]

Prince Henry of Portugal

he conquered the Moroccan port of Ceuta and sponsored a series of voyages.aka Henry  the navgator

[image]

Afonso de Albuquerque

Used aggressive tactics in areas. He first  seized Hormuz, Goa, and Melaka then used these as ports and made merchant ships purchase passes. violaters will be heavily punished.

[image]