The Holy Roman Empire was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that lasted from the coronation of Otto I as emperor in 962 until Francis II dissolved the imperial title in 1806. 

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A witch-hunt is a search for witches or evidence of witchcraft, often involving moral panic,^[1] or mass hysteria

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The Dutch Revolt against the Spanish domination  went on for forty years unitl the provinces gained their independence and became the netherlands.

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For thirty-six years, the french catholics fought the Hugenot Protestants for control of the Monarchy.

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The Magna Carta, a charter of liberties granted by King John in 1215, served as the foundation of the English legal system 

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He confiscated church holdings ehich vastly increased his financial power but also burdened the state with the charitable responsibilites that the church had previously met.

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Absolute Monarchies

Absolute monarchy is a monarchial form of government in which the monarch exercises ultimate governing authority as head of state and head of government; 

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Constitutional monarchy is a form of democratic government in which a nonpolitical monarch acts as head of state within the boundaries of aconstitution, whether written or unwritten.

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Louis XIII was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1610 to 1643 and King of Navarre from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged to the French crown.

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Tsar can be spelled as czar and is derived from the lation word for caesar.

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Peter the Great, Peter I or Pyotr Alexeyevich ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May [O.S. 27 April] 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his half-brother.

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Catherine II, also known as Catherine the Great, was the most renowned and the longest-ruling female leader of Russia, reigning from 9 July [O.S. 28 June] 1762 until her death in 1796 at the age of sixty-seven. 

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A coalition is a pact or treaty among individuals or groups, during which they cooperate in joint action, each in their own self-interest, joining forces together for a common cause. 

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The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) was a series of wars principally fought in Central Europe, involving most of the countries ofEurope.^[10] It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, and one of the longest continuous wars in modern history.

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The increased population growth of western europe was fueled by enriched diets with the advent of new food crops from the columbian exchange.

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The history of early capitalism can be traced back to early forms of merchant capitalism practiced in Western Europe during the Middle Ages.^[1] It began to develop into it's modern form during the Early Modern period in the Protestant countries of North-Western Europe, especially the Netherlands and England. Traders in Amsterdam and London created the first chartered joint-stock companies driving upcommerce and trade, and the first stock exchanges and banking and insurance institutions were established.^[2]

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a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.

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Proto-industrialization (also spelled proto-industrialisation) is a possible phase in the development of modern industrial economies that preceded, and created conditions for, the establishment of fully industrial societies. Proto-industrialization was marked by the increasing involvement of agrarian families in market-oriented craft production, mainly through the putting-out system organized by merchant capitalists.

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In the putting out system, raw materials such as woll were given to family house hold to spin, weave, and be fashioned into garments.

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The Guild Structure that had controlled the produciton of goods for centuries  protected its memebers and decreased competiton.

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is themagnum opus of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith. First published in 1776, the book offers one of the world's first collected descriptions of what builds nations' wealth and is today a fundamental work in classical economics. Through reflection over the economics at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution the book touches upon such broad topics as the division of labour, productivity and free markets.

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Adam Smith was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish .

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Traditonally, Europeans couples had married later on their mid-twenties in order to set up independent households, and capitalsim only enhanced this trend.

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Thus England and holland protected the individual rights to own property, enforced private contracts, protected financail instustions, and settled disputes.

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