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| land suitable for of cash crops the desire to establish new trade routes to Asian markets and expand influence of Christianity.[image] |
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| goal of establishing maritime trade routes[image] |
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| Merchants and monarchs alike realized that by offering direct access to Asian new maritime trade routes would increase the quantities of spices. Europeans purchased gold, ivory, and slaves.[image] |
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| sturdy strong ships were needed to cross the sea and back and to survive these adverse conditions[image] |
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| magnetic compasses and astrolabes.[image] |
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| Knowledge of Winds and Currents |
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| Equipped with advanced technological hardware. European mariners ventured into the oceans and gradually compiled a body of practical knowledge about the winds and currents that determined navigational possibilities in the age of sail[image] |
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| return to the sea that enabled them to sail from the Canaries to Portugal[image] |
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| Prince Henry conquered the Moroccan port of Ceuta and sponsored a series of voyages down west African coast.[image] |
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| four armed merchant ships bound for India. His return Voyage was especially difficult less than half his crew made it back to Portugal[image] |
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| Christopher Columbus proposed the sailing to the western route.1492 his fleet of three ships departed Palos in southern Spain. He sailed around the Caribbean for almost three months.[image] |
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| He never reached the riches of Asia and obtained very little gold[image] |
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| Magellan visited ports throughout the Indian Ocean basin and traveled east far as the spice islands of Maluku. He wanted to pursue Christopher Columbus goal.[image] |
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| refers to travelling all the way around an island, a continent, or (usually) the entire planet Earth.[image] |
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| Exploration of the Pacific |
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| took European almost three centuries to chart its features. spanish merchants built on info gleaned by from Magellan. English navigators however ventured into the Pacific in search[image] |
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| led three expeditions to the Pacific and died in a scuffle with the indigenous people of Hawaii.[image] |
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| control trade routes by forcing merchants vessels to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties there.[image] |
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| architect commander of Portuguese forces in the Indian Ocean during early sixteenth century[image] |
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| English And Dutch Trading Posts |
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| merchants built trading post on Asian coasts and sought to channel trade through them but did not attempt to control shipping on the high seas occasionally seized Portuguese sites[image] |
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| English and Dutch formed two especially powerful joint-stock companies the English East India Company[image] |
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| Conquest of the Philippines |
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| Spanish approached the Philippines in 1565 under the command of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi who named the islands after King Philip of Spain[image] |
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| soon emerged as a bustling multicultural port city an entrepot for trade particular in silk and it quickly became the hub of Spanish commercial activity in Asia Chinese merchants were especially prominent in Manila[image] |
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| trade in spices particularly cloves nutmeg and mace 1619 founded Batavia on the island of Java to serve as an entrepot for the VOC[image] |
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| Russians were laying the foundations for a vast empire that embraced most of northern Eurasia Russian forces took over several Mongol khanates in central Asia These acquisitions resulted in Russian control over the Volga River and offered opportunities for trade with there Ottaman Empire[image] |
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| Native Peoples of Siberia |
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| Siberia was home to about twenty six major ethnic groups that lived by hunting trapping fishing or herding reindeer[image] |
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| The Russian Occupation of Siberia |
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| Siberian trading posts with their garrisons developed into Russian towns with Russian-speaking populations attending Russian Orthodox churches[image] |
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| Commercial competition led to conflict als in the Caribbean and the Americas[image] |
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| a global conflict in that it took place in several distinct geographic theaters Europe India the Caribbean and North America[image] |
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| British forces fought little in Europe where their Prussian allies held off massive armies seeking to surround and crush the expansive Prussian states[image] |
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| the global diffusion of plants food crops animals human populations and disease pathogens that took place after the voyages of exploration[image] |
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| Epidemic Diseases and Population Decline |
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| smallpox measles diphtheria whooping cough and influenza took heavy tolls immunity to the disease through exposure at an early age[image] |
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| Columbian exchange increased rather than diminished human populations because of the global spread of food crops food crops[image] |
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| native to America also played prominent roles in the Columbian exchange. American crops took root in Africa Asia and Europe[image] |
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| Human numbers increased less rapidly during the next century The Columbian exchange of plants and animals fueled a surge in world population [image] |
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| largest continental of migrants consisted of enslaved Africans transported involuntarily to South American North American and Caribbean destination[image] |
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| global trading system in the Caribbean and the Americans trade networks extended to all corners of Atlantic Ocean[image] |
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| Global Economy In The Pacific Ocean basin[image] |
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| Environmental Effects of Global Trades |
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| growing volumes of global trade pressures fell on several animal species that had the misfortunes to become prominent commodities on the world market.[image] |
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| attacked the sale of indulgences as an individual but he soon attracted enthusiastic support from other who resented the policies of the Roman church[image] |
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| German population had adopted Lutheran Christianity and reformer had launched Protestant movements and established alternatives churches in other lands[image] |
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| initiator organized a Protestant community and worked with local official to impose a strict code[image] |
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| an assembly of bishops cardinals and other high officials who met intermittently between 1545 and 1563 to address matters of doctrine and reform[image] |
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| a Basque nobleman and soldier who in 1521 suffered devastating leg wound that ended his military career[image] |
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| rigorous and advanced education they received instruction not only in theology and philosophy but also in classical languages literature history and science[image] |
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| Hunt for witches witches made agreements to worship the devil. they were blamed for natural causes.[image] |
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| Religious tensions led to outright war between Protestant and Roman Catholic communities Religious wars wracked France for thirty six years[image] |
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| The Religious wars culminated in a massive continental conflict known as the thirty years war (1618-1648)[image] |
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| inherited authority over the Habsburg Austrain domains as well as duchy of Burgundy[image] |
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| imperial legacy imperial princess took advantage of religious controversy[image] |
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| establish a lasting imperial legacy the prospect of a powerful Holy Roman Empire struck fear in the kings of France[image] |
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| the most powerful European states however were the kingdoms of England,France and Spain.[image] |
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