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| Extended the Greek Empire begun by his father into the Persian Empire, all the way to India. Attempted to combine greek and persian empire. |
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Most famous Persian emperor, who controlled land and peoples across the
northern Middle East and into northwestern India. |
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| After Alexander’s death, Greek art, education, and culture merged with those in the Middle East. Trade and important scientific centers were established, such as Alexandria, Egypt. |
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| Persian religion developed by the prophet Zoroaster around 600 B.C.E. in which is taught that life is a battle between the opposing forces of good and evil, with humans having to choose between the two. |
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| Greek word for city-state. |
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| War which involved Athens and its allies against Sparta and its allies; Sparta ultimately won the war but a majority of the Greek city-states are weakened considerably by the fighting. |
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| One of the most famous Greek political figures, he dominated Athenian government in the 5th century B.C.E. He ruled through wise and clever means. Even he was not able to prevent war between Athens and Sparta. |
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| Festival and athletic contests held at Olympia in honor of Zeus in which all Greek city-states sent representatives. |
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| King of Macedon who defeated a combined army of Thebes and Athens to become the ruler of the Greek city-states; father of Alexander the Gr |
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| Seaport in Egypt on the Mediterranean Sea which was founded by Alexander the Great and became the center of Hellenistic culture. |
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| Series of wars (264-146 B.C.E.) between the Roman republic and the Phoenician colony Carthage over dominance of the Mediterranean. Carthage’s great general Hannibal was ultimately unable to stop the Romans, who conquered Greece and north Africa, including Egypt. |
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| Ancient city-state in north Africa founded by the Phoenicians and destroyed by the Romans in the Punic Wars in 146 B.C.E. |
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| Dictator of the Roman republic who effectively ended the republic and, with his successor Augustus, transformed it into an empire. |
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| Grandnephew of Caesar who restored order to Rome after a century of political chaos; he assumed the title Augustus and instituted a monarchial government in which the emperor was dictator, chief military general, and chief priest; first emperor of Rome. |
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| Strong emperors toward the end of the Roman Empire who tried with some success to reverse the tide of its ultimate fall. Constantine moved the capital away from Rome and allowed freedom of worship for Christians. |
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| The two men who shared executive power in the Roman republic, but in times of crisis the Senate could choose a dictator with emergency powers. |
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| a member of an anicent people living in what is now israel and palestine and according to biblical tradition, descend from the patriarch J |
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| monothesistic system of beliefs and practices.Followed jeaus |
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| A government based on the rule of the vote of the people. |
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| The most important legislative body in the Roman republic, composed mainly of aristocrats. |
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| Roman writer and senator who expounded on the value of oratory in political discourse. |
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| Student of Plato who developed logic and scientific reasoning in the Western sense. He stressed the value of moderation in all things. |
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| Socrates’ greatest pupil, who suggested that humans could approach an understanding of the perfect forms of truth, good, and beauty that he thought underlay nature. |
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| Adherents of this Greek philosophy emphasized an inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline and personal bravery. |
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Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined
gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos. |
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| Three forms of Greek columns that represent what is still known as classical architecture. |
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| brought people together throwing rotten foot and fingers if bad |
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| ancient Persia, capital un achaemenid dynasty |
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| A leading figure in the development of classical Mediterranean philosophy. He encouraged his students to question conventional wisdom. His work symbolized the Greco- Roman emphasis on the power of human thought. |
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| An independent kingdom flourishing along the upper Nile around 1000 B.C.E. It represents an example of an established civilization, like classical Egypt, influencing a nearby region. |
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| Axum defeated Kush around 300 B.C.E. Ethiopia in turn defeated Axum. Both these African kingdoms had active contacts with the eastern Mediterranean world until after Rome’s fall. |
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| Largest branch of African Christianity, centered in Egypt. |
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| Vast desert region of north Africa which extends from Atlantic Ocean to the Nile River. |
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| Japanese religion that provided for worship of political rulers and spirits of nature. This was the basis for the worship of the Japanese emperor as a religious figure. |
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| Central America’s first civilization (c. 800-400 B.C.E.), which developed agriculture and produced accurate calendars. It powerfully influenced later civilizations in the America |
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| anthing relating to polynesia |
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| Regional Indian princes who ruled after the fall of the Guptas. |
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| During the decline of classical China, the Yellow Turbans were a Daoist group that promised a golden age that was to be brought about by divine magic. |
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| Successor to the Roman Empire in the eastern Mediterranean. It was artistically creative and active in trade. Its emperors, especially Justinian, tried to revive the heritage of Rome throughout its previous territory but failed. Many centuries of fighting Muslims led to its demise in 1453. |
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| Byzantine emperor; codified Roman law |
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| One of the greatest Christian theologians. Bishop of Alexandria, Egypt. |
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| Or the “Greater Vehicle.” East Asian form of Buddhism that emphasized its founder as a divine savior. |
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| Meaning papa or father; bishop of Rome and head of Roman Catholic church. |
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| people who didnt have a settles civilization |
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Center of the Roman Empire after 312 C.E., established by the last strong
emperor, Constantine. |
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