Hunter-Gatherer

They were nomadic people who gathered veggies and fruit and hunted meat. This was a very primitive life style that was changed after Agricultural Transition.

Agricultural Transition

When man discovered he could plant food a lot of things happened. Permanent settlements, specialized labor, increased birth rates, and the need for a community authority were all things that emerged quite quickly.

City-State-

 It was a city and the section of land around it that fell under its jurisdiction and supported it. City States were very popular and often governed themselves without outside influence like a federal government.

Empire-

By conquering a group of city-states and imposing a federal government on them empire builders could find themselves king of a huge country easily.

Bronze Metallurgy-

As specialization grew people discovered how they manipulate ore to become a metal that you could make tools out of. Weapons, tools, and other objects were upgraded with bronze which helped them get the job done.

Iron Metallurgy-

After bronze was discovered it took experimentation and practice in refining before they could manipulate a stronger ore they called iron. Again with the better material weapons and tools became more effective.

Hammurabi-

He was a Babylonian king that reunited the city-states of Mesopotamia by conquest and imposed a legendary set of rules that were the first civil laws in the world.

Cuneiform-

It was a Mesopotamian writing style that used pictures to express objects. As it advances it started to include ideas, syllables, and primitive words.

Judaism-

Founded of Ten Commandments and the first monotheistic religion. It later branched into several different religions like Christian or even Catholicism.

Polytheism-

It is a religion that is based off of a belief in many gods. It was very popular in early human history.

Monotheism-

It is a religion that is based off of a belief in one god. The first was Judaism. It was very popular in later human history.

Zoroastrianism-

 It was the main religion of the Persian Empire that greatly influenced the ideals of Judaism.

First Jewish Diaspora-

 When empire builders conquered Israel the Jews were dispersed to prevent any resistance. Eventually they came back together under Persian rule.

Assyrian Empire-

They crushed Israel and other city states by means of bad propaganda to scare residents and scattered locals to stop resistance causing the first Jewish Diaspora.

Bantu Migrations-

Because of the development of the Sahara, people migrated south, gathering different cultures, peoples, and tribes along the way.

Phoenicians-

When lack of space and war threatened they took to the sea and spread along the Mediterranean creating city-states.

Indo-Europeans-

They had common languages and all domesticated the horse first. They were believed to have started in Europe and migrate outward

Hinduism-

It started as oral traditions and finally was written down by priests. It is based on reincarnation and the caste system. They needed to do dharma to get karma to achieve moksha to unite your atman with the Brahman to stop samsara. It had problems early on because of lower people feeling left out of rituals. Later as other religions were made it was revised to have more emphasis on family ritual and economic prosperity instead of power.

Buddhism-

Its founder was a prince that gave up everything to achieve peace of mind. He made his own religion on the thought that if you never desire anything you will never suffer. He made his own monastery on the belief and sent out missionaries to spread the word and increase followers. Budha ended up being worshipped like a god though there were in gods in Buddhism.

Jainism-

The thought behind Jainism was that everything possessed a soul. So they promoted non-violence, being a vegetarian and caring for everything. There was no caste system in Jainism. It was not popular though because of extremity.

Sati-

This was where a widow of a dead man would burn herself with the body. This was the ultimate sign of loyalty and people thought that if this took place the couple would marry in their next life as well. This would only take place if the children were out of the house already and the woman’s dharma had been fulfilled at that point.

Caste System-

 It was a hierarchy based on the reincarnation of Hinduism in that people would be born into a caste and would stay in it all through that life. Depending on how well they fulfilled their dharma they would be in a better or worse caste in their next life. There were four main castes: the Brahmin (mouth) which included priests, the Kshatrias (arms) which included the rulers and warriors, the Vishya (legs) which included artists, merchants, and land owners, the Sudra (feet) which included peasants, and the Untouchables which included foul jobs and outcasts.

Upanishads-

This was a collection of Sanskirt literature that systemized lessons from the Vedas. They also introduced other key elements like atman (individual soul), Brahman (universal soul), samsara (reincarnation), Karma (sum of good and bad actions), dharma (your caste duty), and moksha (ending of caste cycle with unity with Brahman).

Ashoka-

Known as Ashoka the Great, he turned from a mighty ruler of the Mauryan Empire who was focused on conquest to a nice Buddhist and a kind ruler. He developed highways, coinage, irrigation, and a new capital. He also unveiled religious freedom through his edicts.

Confucianism-

Religion started by Confucius based on how people should treat each other. Ren, Li, and Junzi and the five basic relationships all guided people on how to act toward each other. This religion had its ups and downs. It was included in a bureaucracy for many of the years of the Qin and Han dynasties. This attracted people because of the chance to get an education.

Ren, Li, Junzi-

These were all terms used in Confucianism that describe how you should treat another. The leader should have Junzi or an education and ethics so he can guide his people well. People should have Li or propriety, courtesy, or respect to those of higher rank than them. People should show ren or humaneness, kindness, and benevolence to those of equal stature to them.

Filial Piety-

This term describes the Chinese respect for elders and dead ancestors. In social hierarchy the old are always higher than the young for this reason. The elders were honored because of the knowledge and wisdom they had gained over the years while dead ancestors were respected because their spirits lingered over the family to protect and help in hard times.

Legalism-

It is a belief system that did not have ethics, morality or propriety and didn’t care about principled governing; instead it said that we should devote all of our attention to strengthening and expanding the state. It said that the foundation of the state’s strength was on agriculture and military. It discouraged careers that didn’t advance the state, had harsh punishments for simple crimes, and was practical not popular. People like Shang Yang and Han Feizi used it and because of it the period of warring states ended and China was united.

Daoism-

This was a religion made in response to the turbulence and stress in China and its main thought was that people wanted to live in harmony with the world. It was made by Laozi and Daodejing was its book of beliefs while Zhuangzi was its book of Daoist views. Dao means the way of the comos and so if you are in touch with Dao you live in harmony and retreat from engagement in politics and administration. Its chief moral virtue was to disengage from competitive exertions and active involvement in world affairs. It thought the less government the better and that tiny communities, without the desire to conquer or trade with neighbors, were ideal.

Doctrine of WuWei-

This was a part of Daoism, it said that by doing nothing you accomplish everything. It was constantly used with the analogy of water, it goes with the flow without the use of energy but it is still powerful.

Oracle Bones-

Chinese priests and leaders would crack bones or turtle shells and then “read” the edges and tell the future by these readings. Oracle bones were also sometimes used to determine someone’s mandate of heaven. If a leader commanded something because he had read it and then there was a flood the people would over throw him because he didn’t read the bones properly.

Mandate of Heaven-

People of China believed that heaven would sometimes order people to do things. This order was called a mandate of heaven and if people didn’t follow their mandate of heaven misfortune would befall them. This was the Chinese version of their dharma or duty. People would receive their mandates of heaven through visions, dreams, oracle bones, or prophecies.

Dynastic Cycles-

Every dynasty in China went through the same cycle which was related to a river’s flood season. It starts with a new dynasty (flood waters recede) which leads to reforms and prosperity and a leader in the mandate (fresh, good soil). Then comes some kind of corruption or disaster and the leader loses the mandate (the soil is over used and turns bad). This arouses revolt and destruction (a terrible flood). This cycle repeats throughout all the dynasties.

Qin Shi Huangdi-

He was the first emperor of all of China. He was a legalist with a large military who conquered all the warring states of the Zhou dynasty individually. He then standardized coinage, laws, weights, measurements, and script for economic and political integration. He had two major projects; the great wall to keep out nomadic people and highways to promote trade. He started banned dissent and education and burns books and kills Confucian scholars. He was a tyrant in the eyes of his people and was killed for it yet he was honored with a huge tomb.

Zhou Dynasty-

In this early dynasty government was not centralized instead there were local lords with power over states. These Lords were heavily under the mandate of heaven and if they did not achieve it they were often discarded from leadership. Zhou fell apart as wars broke out between the states and the period of the warring states began.

Civil Service-

The Chinese always put others before themselves. They valued manners, tradition, and family relations. The Women’s sole job was in the home of a husband and the husband’s sole job was his mandate of heaven and supporting his family.

Silk-

 Chinese silk was the best in the world and was China’s main money spinner. It was sold along the silk roads extremely far away. Others had made silk but Chinese had perfect techniques and made finer. This was so important to the Chinese economy that those who knew how to spin silk couldn’t leave the country.

Paper-

Paper, like silk, was a great innovation of the Chinese. With their fine paper it was much easier to take records or write books than it was to do so on silk. Also like the silk the Chinese guarded the secret of how to make the paper jealously.

Yellow Turban Uprising-

After Wang Mang was killed after trying to redistribute the land from the rich to the poor; the Hans came back into power over a weakened realm. As they frantically tried to address the problems uprisings came into effect. The Yellow Turban Uprising (so named because it comprised of a group of men wearing yellow turbans in protest) formed then and destroyed the Han dynasty forever.

Athens-

One of the main cities of Greece, Athens had a focus on arts, luxury and democracy. Its entire being was based off of its democratic structure which was something of great pride to the Athenians. Like most of the Greek city-states, Athens experienced a large population boom in its beginning and it is then that it chose democracy. Its maritime trade made it both wealthy and famous. Even though they thought their democracy was very just only a small percent could vote, only male land owners.

Sparta-

Sparta faced the same early population boom as Athens but responded to it by turning to military expansion. They captured nearby villages and put them to work as slaves so they could support their larger population. They did not appreciate luxuries and their woman even participated in athletic activities.

Polis-

 A Polis was a city and the section of land around it that fell under its jurisdiction and supported it. They were also very independent and were usually successful. They were very much like city-states.

Persian Wars-

The Persian Empire was growing when the Athenians decided to support a small rebellion against the Persians. A lot of small battles and wars broke out in between them.  Delian League formed because of it and the Peloponnesian War results because of the league.

Hellenism-

Blending of cultures around the Mediterranean Sea including all of the Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and many others. The Greek language became the main one and sea trade brought about great wealth during this period.

Sappho-

She was a great poet in Greek society. Though she was soon exposed for being homosexual and her work was more discredited.

Plato-

He was a great Greek Philosopher who had a theory on Forms and Ideas. It said that there was a perfect universe and our universe was just an imperfect reflection of that universe. He thought philosophers should rule because they knew this perfect universe best. He didn’t trust his senses.

Aristotle-

He was another Greek Philosopher that said you should trust your senses and use logic and reasoning to solve life’s mysteries. He had the mindset of a modern scientist and often did thoughtful experiments.

Alexandria-

The city made by Alexander the Great located in the Nile Delta that was capital under his rule. It had a huge harbor and was famous for its huge lighthouse, library with texts from everywhere, and museum. The city was very cosmopolitan.

Silk Roads-

 Trading routes stretching from the Mediterranean basin to Southeast Asia. They generated much wealth and were named after the great Asian silk that was transported on it.

Christianity-

It started as a small religion but grew to huge church when it was accepted by the Roman Empire. It soon had organization with the pope and bishops and held counsels to dispute points in the religion.

Paul of Tarsus-

He was a prophet of Christ who went spreading the word of Christ through the Roman Empire and was very successful in gathering supporters and creating churches along the way.

Roman Republic-

Formed much like US’s government; it took all the good things from a kingdom, aristocracy, and democracy and made a republic. It was extremely affective and soon started expanding.

Plebeians and Patricians-

The Plebeians were citizens with land but were commoners. The Patricians were the wealthy, the nobles, and had a lot of land. These two groups had a lot of tension against each other.

Twelve Tables-

They were a set of laws governing the Roman Empire that were geared towards keeping civil peace in communities.

Gracchi Brothers-

 Attempted to make a social reform by trying to limit the amount of land the wealthy could own by passing a bill but the assembly stopped it and they were killed for their efforts.

Julius Caesar-

He became very popular and then ceased control. Then he controlled military and political stuff. He redistributed land and started huge building projects. He was eventually killed by the wealthy, elite, and senate.

Pax Romana-

This is a phrase that means roman peace and it meant something different for everyone. It was specifically an era of peace brought about by Augustus rule in the Roman Empire. It was highlighted by developed cities, luxuries, technologies, and economic growth and trade.

Paterfamilias-

The fathers in families were very dominant. The eldest male in the family could work, arrange marriages, and cold sell or kill the kids. /Women had only a little domestic power.

Latifundia-

This was a focus on commercial agriculture that was exported for a great profit to far away countries. The staple crop was grain and wheat.

Constantinople-

It was a city made under Constantine’s rule to be the perfect capital and became a great symbol of the Roman Empire.

Monsoon System-

By studying this system of how the sea moved the Indians could trade through the sea with surrounding maritime neighbors.

Epidemic Diseases-

As trade around the globe increased so did the spread of disease. Soon countries closed off trade and relied on itself to provide its own resources.

Huns-

They were a group of nomadic people and were very military inclined and made a living by invading and pillaging. The greatest example of this is their famed leader Attila the Hun took on a large piece of the later roman empire.

Bedouins- 

These were tightly knit tribes of people living in the harsh land of what is now Saudi Arabia. They warred with each other over resource. This is where the Prophet Muhammad was born into.

Muhammad-

He was born into a noble family in Mecca, and was a merchant exposed to Christianity and Judaism. He married Khadija his tutor and then received revelations from god through the Angel Gabriel. He challenged greed and status quota and then went on a pilgrimage to Medina. He started gathering followers called the Umma and with them he conquered Mecca and began conquest of Arabia. He was not only a religious leader but a political, military, and business leader as well.

Khadija-

Muhammad’s wife that was also his tutor who he thought to be very wise and knowing.

Islam-

The religion based on Muhammad’s life was guided by books like the Koran and Hadith about his believes and stories. There were also five main beliefs of Islam called the five pillars of Islam. Islam was also just an add on to Judaism and Chrsitianity and believed the same things they did plus a little more and therefore considered themselves the final version.

Mecca-

This was the city of Muhammad’s childhood that is visited by all Muslims at some point on their pilgrimage. All Muslims pray towards Mecca.

Five Pillars of Islam-

These were the five main beliefs of all Muslims: faith there is no god but allah, prayer 5 times a day with ritual cleansings always facing Mecca, giving alms giving to the poor, fasting during Ramadan, and pilgrimage for personal growth go to Islam to see the sights.

Rightly Guided Caliphs-

Caliphs were appointed to fill the leadership position that was emptied by Muhammad’s death that included religious, military, economic, and political power. Caliph means deputy.

Sunni Shi’ite Split-

There was a disagreement about who should be Caliph. One side said men of merit that turned out to be the Sunnis and one side said it should go with Muhammad’s lineage and they were the Shi’ites.

Umayyad Caliphate-

It was luxurious, there was Arab-only power, and it was a large empire with a capital in Damascus. Imported crops and goods increased wealth and women had more power than normal.

Abbasid Caliphate-

The Abbasid family allied with the Shi’ites and non-Arab Muslims and caused an uprising. Once established they had a centralized authority in Bagdad and unlike the Umayyad they focused on governing the land they had instead of getting more. They governed in a Persian style that included all non-Arab Muslims.

Mamluks-

They were Turkish slaves in Islam that also formed an army for the Caliph. They helped maintain order when they were loyal but eventually they started killing Caliphs. They eventually became the regional leaders of Egypt.

 “People of the Book”-

The People of the Book were Jews and Christians to the Muslims. They were so named because their religion consisted of studying texts and while being a Muslim was better the Islamic society showed a general respect for these people.

Al-Andalus-

The Caliph of the time sent all the smart scholars to Spain to translate, study, and apply Plato and Aristotle. Islamic influence in Spain lasted.

Feudalism-

Is a system of governing in small groups where a lord lends out land to vassals who use the land in return for taxes, military service, or loyalty

Manorialism-

 A self governing town with a large manor or castle that was self sufficient. For these people life was harsh and isolated with few luxuries.

Lord, Vassal, Fief-

 a lord is a person that gives land to others for taxes, military service or loyalty.  A vassal is someone who receives this land and gives taxes, military service or loyalty. A fief is someone who is a vassal for his military service.

Charlemagne-

He was one of the few leaders of a centralized government in medieval Europe. The Franks/Carolingians created a large empire for him whom he ruled in increased stability and a rare centralization. He was crowned by the pope and under his rule there was a brief revival of learning, art, and literature.

Holy Roman Empire-

Christendom was a nickname of the Christian area. Because of peoples lack of social mobility and sucky lives they wanted a good afterlife and the church was the only way to do that. The church also had social power because they can excommunicate people and they would then be shunned.

Papacy-

Originally the pope was just the bishop of Rome, but Leo the First filled a power vacuum in the church by appointing himself pope. He claimed he had supremacy and that Peter gave him authority.

Investiture Controversy-

There was a controversy about the use of icons in the Christian religion. The emperor banned icons and had them smashed while the clergy and people rebelled. This caused a schism in the church.

Monasteries-

Medieval Europe had a few monasteries that were full of poverty, were focused on prayer and work, were isolated, and were obedient. They preserved learning in this time period while focused on a devotion to god and an escape from life.

Justinian-

He is pretty much the only example of social mobility because he rose up from being a peasant to being an emperor. Under his rule he expanded his empire and preserves the legal tradition of Romans through Justinian’s Code. His reign ended with the plague of Justinian and his accomplishments fade.

Constantinople-

It was a trade hub in byzantine empire and was a center of power. It was well fortified, had many buildings, had entertainment, and libraries that preserved learning.

Caesaropapism-

It was a popular power move where the emperor was also the head of the church, in this case the Pope. So as popes were appointed so they were also emperors.

Crusades-

This was a Christian Holy War against the Muslims in charge of the holy lands. It was indirectly caused and then directly caused by the Byzantines call for help, the popes tactics, and motivations of crusades. Overall it increased trade, diffused cultural ideas, rediscovery of classical, increased political organization, and caused long-term tensions.

Kievan Russia-

Had a Viking kingship to begin with and then they blended with the Slavic people. They had a lot of a few major goods like honey, fur, timber, and grain and were a large farming community and at the same time had to battle with the cold climate.

Mansa Musa-

He was the leader of Mali, was a builder, and was wealthy. He went on a pilgrimage and then built many mosques, schools and learning, ensured the safety of travelers. Unfortunately his successors let the empire fall.

Timbuktu-

This was the Malian center of trade and was home of Mansa Musa.

Sui Dynasty-

After being divided between the generals in late Han, the Sui came long after finally reuniting all of China. They repaired the infrastructure, recentralized government, and built a grand canal in China. The Sui failed to endure because of rebellions caused by high taxes and forced labor.

Wu Zhao-

She was a very powerful pro-Buddhism female empress. She was called the Great Cloud Sutra. She ruled till an old age and then was demonized.

Tang Taizong-

He was an early Tang leader that lowered taxes causing much stability. He was of Chinese and Turkish descent and was a Confucian ruler yet he patronized Buddhism.

Chang’an-

It was the capitol city of the Sui and Tang Dynasties and was a huge cosmopolitan trading center. Unfortunately it was later sacked by nomads.

Printing-

One of the many improving technologies in China. The Chinese used paper or some forms of silk for their work. Movable type and block printing were developed though the Chinese used the block printing because of how many characters they had. This increased the availability of literature and made a lot more people literate.

Gunpowder-

Also a new technology, it was discovered by a man searching for the substance that would give him pure peace. They did not develop weapons with it initially but soon rockets and other such things began to be produced.

Junks-

The most advanced ships of the time, Junks could hold one thousand tons of weight. Along with their advanced sails, oars, compasses, water tight bulkheads, and rockets for defense that Chinese had the most technologically advanced ships.

Double Cropping Rise-

The Vietnamese developed the fast ripening rice that allowed the rice to be harvested twice a year. This surplus of food allowed the Chinese to specialize even more, allowed for a population boom, caused urbanization and commercial agriculture, and allowed for the many invasions of the time.

Flying Money-

It was an ancient form of Chinese money that was basically a note accrediting the person for a certain amount of money. Eventually promissory notes and finally paper money emerge.

Neo-Confucianism-

Threatened by the spread of Buddhism, Confucianism adopted by developing a focus on the human soul. Terminology like “center your Qi on your Li” arose. This new form of Confucianism was sponsored by the song and changed core relationships for many Chinese.

Foot Binding-

 This is where the feet of women would be tied so they grew wrong and their mobility as a result was restricted and men could keep track of them. In the Tang new ideas from outside lands came in like equality between sexes through Buddhism. When the Tang fell the men blamed it on the foreigners and went back to the old traditions like a patriarchal society. Hence foot binding became popular.

Chan Buddhism-

It was a Chinese version of Buddhism that was really a blend of Buddhism and Daoism. It deemphasized formal learning and focused on intuition and meditation.

Heian Japan-

It was a period of Japanese government that was modeled after Chinese but because the government was aristocrats that were isolated the country eventually failed because the equal field system wasn’t maintained.

Medieval Japan-

Japan developed into a feudal state much like Europe. Except Japan had samurai, their loyalty was based on communal legacy, and they had no idea of women rights.

Veitnam-

They were conquered and directly ruled by China. They adopted from China Chan Buddhism, Confucian scholarship, some government, writing system, and agricultural technology. They continued their religions and women remained prominent in the economy.

Korea-

They became a vassal state and gave tributes to China used the kowtow allowing them to trade. They adopted from China Chan Buddhism, Confucian scholarship, some government, and writing system. They continued without a merit system and kept their aristocracy.

Civil Service Exams-

A country wide exam based solely on Confucian beliefs given in China. The highest scorers would gain positions in government. This was the first system to give positions of power to those of merit instead of lineage.

Dhow-

They are large Indian or Arab vessels used along the coasts of the Arab peninsula that could carry 400 tons.

Swahili (language)-

A language developed on the Swahili coast, it blended a lot of other languages together. Swahili was a place of centered around trade and was Islamic because of proximity.

Indian Ocean Trade-

It increases because of lack of safety along silk roads and advances in technology like sails and compasses. Southernization spread through the Indian Ocean Trade.

Network-

Things spread from Japan to Korea to China to Vietnam and SE Asia to India to Swahili to Arabs to Europe and Africa.

Southernization-

Exactly the opposite of westernization, things spread from Asia outward. Things like cotton, gold, spices, mathematics(zero), sugar, gunpowder, compass, rice, and printing/paper. All luxuries and technologies; Mongols spread even more.

Genghis Khan-

He united the Mongols into a military force to revenge his father’s death. Plus, climate cooling meant they needed more land and he wanted to learn for he was illiterate. He won through his fierce warriors, mobility, technology (central asian bow), organization, fear factor (spies sent ahead), burrowed siege technology, and taking over surrounding weak areas.

Mongols-

The nomads were a nomadic people of central Asia that was split up into many tribes that ate meat and milk. That had a variety of religions including Shamanism, Christianity, and Buddhism.

Kublai Khan-

He wanted money (taxes) and wanted to govern china. He used Chinese tradition to govern yet the society was fairly separate. He promotes all but Confucianism and he discarded the CSE. Merchants, artisans, and doctors gain more importance under his rule.

Il’Khan-

Taking advantage of its weakness the Il’Khan attacks and takes over the Islamic state; uses direct ruling by local rulers. The Mongols convert over time. Finally economy breaks down over time and Il’Khan falls to Timur.

Khanates-

When Genghis Khan died his empire was divided up to his many sons. Each of these new regions was a Khanate. The major ones were the Golden Horde, Il’Khanate, and the Yuan Dynasty.

Timur-

He conquers and rules the Islamic state after the Il’Khan fall and conquer a good part of Europe becoming a great ruler.

Alexander Nevskii-

He was king of Russia when the Mongols attacked. They became a tributary state and he was forced to overtax a ton though it was the lesser of two evils.

Kamikaze-

When Mongols tried to take over Japan they built their ships and were nearly there when a huge wind came and not only blew the Mongols away but also sank their ships. This wind was called the “divine wind” or kamikaze.

Olmec-

They were a Mesoamerican Civilization that was culturally unified. They were polytheistic with cities as ritual centers and they used blood-letting ceremonies. Their agriculture included maize, beans, and squash. They viewed their king as god-like and had a big emphasis on astronomy. Their legacies were maize, pyramids, astronomy, and ball games.

Chavin-

They were a south American cult from 900 to 200 BCE. They had a huge focus on agriculture. They used their cities as religious centers and they were unified culturally.

Chinampas-

Often called “floating gardens,” chinampas was a way of agriculture where fields were planted in shallow lakes. This method kept the plants well irrigated. It was used specifically by the Aztecs, an example being the city of Tenochtitlan.

Tenochtitlan-

This was the city at the heart of the Aztec Empire. It was situated on an island in the large Lake Texcoco where modern day Mexico City now is. It had a lot of temples and markets and they were supported by agriculture of chinampas. They took on huge building projects, an example being the large dike that separated the fresh water from the salt water in the lake.

Allyu-

 In the Incan Empire, the Allyu was the most basic unit. Like a clan, people in it helped each other out, held land in common, and provided labor.

Mit’a-

In the Incan Empire, the Mit’a was the cycle of labor. The cycle of labor provided labor, resources, and wealth to support leaders, temples, and building projects like roads.

Quipu-

In the Incan Empire, Quipu was a knot system that was used to keep records or send messages. No formal writing system emerged from this empire. Later explorers from Europe exposed them to writing.

Arawak-

They were an Amerindian group that lived in the Caribbean in the time of Columbus.

Printing Press-

By taking the early technology from China through southernization, Europe invented a manufacturing printing press that was more fast and efficient at printing large books or scripts over and over again than ever before.

Hanseatic League- .

It was an association of trading cities in Europe that traded extensively in the Baltic sea, including the coast of Prussia.

Vikings-

They were groups of Norse warriors who explored and traded with northern Europe. They were a seafaring people and they spread around currency allowing for a revival of trade. Their attempt to conquer England united the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom.

Guilds-

A guild was an association of craft specialists, such as silversmiths, or of merchants that regulated the business practices of its members and the prices they charged.

Medici Family-

They operated banks in Italy, Flanders, and London, and also controlled the government of Florence and were important patrons of the arts.

Italian City-States/ Venice-

In Urban Revival the Italian City-states (Venice in particular) were made into huge trade hubs for the entire Mediterranean sea.

Gothic Architecture-

Cities in the renaissance constantly tried to out due their neighbors, gothic architecture was one of those contests. With things like flying buttresses and pointed arched ways churches reached all time heights and developed beautiful large tall stained glass windows that added to the might of the church.

Thomas Aquinas-

 He was an Italian Catholic priest that was an intense philosopher and theologian. He said that both men and women were made in the likeness of god so women should have equality.

Renaissance-

It was a rebirth of classical Greco-Roman culture that emphasized intelligence and arts. It started in Italy and then spread to the rest of Europe pulling it out of the medieval times. Three big idea groups arose that were humanism, individualism, and secularism and art and politics went through drastic changes.

Reformation-

This was a time period where people started turning away from Catholicism because of reasons like the church was corrupt, papal controversies, priests were illiterate and shared churches and too much focus on rituals.

Martin Luther-

 He was a German Catholic Monk and Professor. He posted 95 thesises on problems with the catholic church because he wanted to reform it because he didn’t like the sale of indulgences, that the pope had too much authority, and salvation was by efforts instead of faith. He was then put on trial so he broke off of the Catholic Church and started Lutheranism.

Humanism-

It was a set of ideas that emerged from early renaissance that had an emphasis on learning the “humanities.” There was a belief of human potential and achievement that is summarized in “man is the measure of all things.” This contrasted with the medieval mindset that man was evil and nasty  and the focus on sin and afterlife.

Hundred Years War-

This was a long-lasting war affected by new technology like the long bow, firearms, and cannons thus knights became less important. Some affects of the war was more centralized king and nobles, more organization, and shared identity.

Reconquista-

This was a period in Spain when the Catholics gain power and slowly kick the Muslims and Jews out if they refuse to convert. This was helped along by the catholic rulers Isabella and Ferdinand. Spanish Inquisition later took effect to rat out the remaining Muslims and Jews.

Magna Carta-

It was a document that the English forced their King to sign stating that the king was not above the law and it granted more rights to nobles. This became a standard of rights that is still in effect today.

Joan of Arc-

She was a French militant that inspired people to fight the English causing a halt in the English advance. She fought as a knight and believed that she was being instructed by god. She was later captured, tried, and burned at the stake by the English. But later she was exonerated by the church and was made a saint.

Renaissance Artists-

Coming out of the medieval age, artists put a large emphasis on expression, realism, and individualism which contrasted highly with the medieval art.

Hernan Cortes:

 He was a Spanish nobleman who led expeditions to the mainland. He took a lot of men and weapons to assault Mexican mainland. He then get to the palace of Moctezuma II, who invites him in and treats him like a god.

Moctezuma II:

the king of the Aztecs invites Cortes in and gives him gifts and thinks he is a god. He wants to see if Cortes was a God or man/Friend or Foe. Then a war breaks out and they get defeat not by their weapons, but by small pox.

Atahualpa:

The Incan king who gets captured by Pizarro who takes him in front of his entire empire. He then has the biggest ransom for him ever, a myriad of gold and silver. Instead of him getting his freedom, Pizarro ends ups having the option of either not converting to Christianity and be burned on the cross, or convert, be baptized and choked to death.

Absolute Monarchies-

These were European Kings who had absolute power and were above the law. The French and Spanish had absolute monarchies. The best example was King Louis XIV who was very rich and had a huge palace.

Mercantilism-

This was the way governments dealt with the new market. The idea was formed that a government’s power depended on its wealth so instead of spending money to make a settlement the governments chartered land to companies that would bring good trade to the country and thus producing money. A mercantilist government needed a good tax base and a good balance of trade
(more exports than imports). They would raise tariffs on the imports to earn money and promote local business.

Economienda-

Natives were distributed to settlers as well as land that the settlers would have the natives work. The workers were given goods and food to labor. This mimics the Mit’a system but it breaks down eventually.