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| An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. |
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| Gothic Architecture (Cathedrals) |
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| Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows. |
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| An Italian painter, sculptor, engineer, and inventor. Famous works include paintings Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Also left a variety of sketches showing flying machines and underwater boats centuries before the invention of planes and submarines. |
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| City in Northern Italy; headquarters for many of the Renaissance artists. City was controlled by the Medicci family, who sponsored many of the Renaissance artists. |
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| A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. |
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| A Flemish painter active in Bruges and considered one of the best Northern European painters of the 15th century. |
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| An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. |
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| European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later. |
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| Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. |
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| In medieval Europe, an association of men (rarely women), such as merchants, artisans, or professors, who worked in a particular trade and banded together to promote their economic and political interests. Guilds were also important in other societies, such as the Ottoman and Safavid Empires. |
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| An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David. |
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| A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1415, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. |
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| The first major urban civilization in South America (900–250 B.C.E.). Its capital, Chavín de Huántar, was located high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Chavín became politically and economically dominant in a densely populated region that included two distinct ecological zones, the Peruvian coastal plain and the Andean foothills. |
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Because of the difficult topography of the Andes, the ayllu or community was vertical in the sense that different ecological and climatic zones were important in order to maximize the types of crops that could be grown.
The lower part of the ayllu would produce more broad leaf, tropical crops, while the upper sections of the ayllu would produce tubers, millets, and cuys. |
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| Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations. |
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| Powerful Peruvian civilization based on conquest. Located in the region earlier dominated by Moche. Conquered by Inca in 1465. |
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| A number of related Native American societies sharing a burial complex and ceremonial system. The Adena lived in a variety of locations, including: Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, Kentucky, and parts of Pennsylvania and New York; (Pre-Hopewell and Mississippian) |
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| Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. |
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| Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. |
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| Andean civilization culturally linked to Tiwanaku, perhaps beginning as a colony of Tiwanaku. |
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| Andean lineage group or kin-based community. |
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| Civilization of north coast of Peru (200–700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. |
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| Important culture of what is now the Southwest United States (700–1200 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshiped in subterranean buildings called kivas. |
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| Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900–1156 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization. |
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| The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. The Olmec had great cultural influence on later Mesoamerican societies, passing on artistic styles, religious imagery, sophisticated astronomical observation for the construction of calendars, and a ritual ball game. |
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| The Culture that flourished around the southern coasts of Peru between 300 BC and AD 800. |
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| Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco. |
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| The capital city of the Inca Empire. The city was laid out in the shape of a puma. Site where Inca would bring rival kingdoms heirs as hostages. Palaces and temples where the scene for rituals, feasts, and sacrifices. |
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| A mound-building Native American culture that flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from approximately 800 CE to 1500 CE, varying regionally. |
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| The capital of the Mississippian culture in the Ohio River valleys. |
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| Also known as Mexica, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325–1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. |
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| Name of capital city and empire centered on the region near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (375–1000 C.E.) |
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| During his reign, Cuzco grew from a hamlet into an empire that could compete with, and eventually overtake, the Chimu. He began an era of conquest that, within three generations, expanded the Inca dominion from the valley of Cuzco to nearly the whole of civilized South America. |
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| Term used to describe common aspects of the Native American culture that flourished along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern United States from 200 BCE to 500 CE (Between Adena and Mississippian Cultures chronologically) |
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| Contains the most sweeping collection of ancient ruins north of Mexico; a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. |
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| Portuguese explorer. In 1497–1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. |
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| Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519–1522 that was the first to sail around the world. |
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| A town in Portugal, it became the headquarters for the information gained throughout many Portuguese exploration endeavors. It was to this place that Prince Henry the Navigator, came to in the 15th century to work on his obsession to push back the frontiers of the known world, and opened the phase in Portuguese history called The Discoveries. |
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| Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés. |
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| A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. |
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| Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. |
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| Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531–1533. |
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| Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization. |
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| Prince Henry "The Navigator" |
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| Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. |
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| Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519–1521 for Spain. |
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| The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther’s protest against the sale of indulgences is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation. |
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| Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. |
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| King of England who transformed his country into a Protestant nation during the Reformation. Formed the Anglican Church after failing to have his marriage annulled by the Catholic Church. |
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| large flotilla of ships sent by Philip II of Spain to attack England in 1588 because of the Reformation. The Armada was destroyed by poor weather and the English Navy. |
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| A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. |
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| Theologian and religious reformer who started the Reformation with his 95 Theses which protested church corruption, namely the sale of indulgences. |
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| Ignatius Loyola - Jesuits |
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| Founded the Society of Jesus, the Order of the Jesuits. He worked to combat the Protestant Reformation by providing strong Catholic leadership to monarchs across Europe. |
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| A political system in which a country is ruled by a monarch, who has absolute control. |
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| A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors. |
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| Polish astronomer who wrote On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres. Theorized that the Earth orbited the Sun (heliocentric system) and laid the foundations of modern astronomy. |
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| Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the “protesters” forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England. |
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| Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. |
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| Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles. |
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| A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. |
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| Italian astronomer. One of the founders of Europe's scientific revolution, one of his main contributions is the application of the telescope to astronomy. He was able to prove Copernicus’ heliocentric model correct. |
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| Issued on April 13, 1598 by Henry IV of France to grant the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic. |
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| A conflict over royal versus parliamentary rights, caused by King Charles I’s arrest of his parliamentary critics and ending with his execution. Its outcome checked the growth of royal absolutism and, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the English Bill of Rights of 1689, ensured that England would be a constitutional monarchy. |
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| The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. |
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| English scientist who discovered gravitation, invented calculus, and formulated the laws of motion. |
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