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| Sailed to South America where he died in battle; men sailed around the world. |
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| Sailed to Calicut in India by rounding Africa. |
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| Naval battle between the Spanish and the Ottoman Empire resulting in a Spanish victory in 1571. |
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| Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus. |
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| Dutch settlers in Cape Colony, in southern Africa. |
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| Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulting in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America. |
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| Author of The Prince; emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of the most influential authors of the Italian Renaissance. |
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| Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the stud of ancient languages. |
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| Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance. |
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| Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death. |
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| French Protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America. |
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| Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions. |
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| Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic. |
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| Conflict from 1640-1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy ;ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king. |
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| Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries. |
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| Culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages. |
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| Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom; argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature. |
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| English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason and that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants. |
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| Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchies who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies. |
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| Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution. |
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| Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe. |
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| English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king. |
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| Established liberal economics; argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces. |
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| Adopting European ideas (Russia) |
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| Also known as Ivan the Great; prince of Duchy of Moscow; claimed descent from Rurik; responsible for freeing Russia from Mongols after 1462; took title of tsar of Caesar - equivalent to emperor. |
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| Confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars (aristocrats); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture. |
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| Peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in the south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements. |
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| Followed death of Russian tsar Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority ; with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. |
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| Dynasty elected in 1613 at end of Time of Troubles; ruled Russia until 1917. |
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| Second Romanov tsar; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over Russian Orthodox church. |
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| Russians who refused to accept their ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization. |
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| Son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689-1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models. |
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| Capital after Peter the Great. |
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| German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western culture influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry. |
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| During 1770s in reign of Catherine the Great; led by cossak Emelian Pugachev, who claimed to be legitimate tsar; eventually crushed; typical peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter. |
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| Supported Spanish expeditions in the Americas. |
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| Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies. |
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| Supporter of Indian rights |
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| Led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan. |
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| Last independent Aztec emperor; killed during Hernan Cortes's conquest of Tenochtitlan. |
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| Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish. |
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| Leader of Spanish expedition into northern frontier region of New Spain; entered what is now United States in search of mythical cities of gold. |
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| Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control. |
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| Mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia); largest of New World silver mines; produced 80 percent of all Peruvian silver. |
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| Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth |
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| Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to Americas and handled much of the silver received in return. |
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| Large, heavy-armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion. |
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| Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession in New World; reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain. |
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| Body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World. |
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| University-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridicial core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions. |
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| Royal court of apeals established in Spanish colonies of New World; there were 10 in each viceroralty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates. |
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| Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil. |
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| Region of Brazil located in mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush. |
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| Brazilian port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763. |
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| American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Native Americans at bottom, mixed races in middle. |
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| Ottoman sultan called the "conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire. |
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| Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies; forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of Balkans, legally slaves; translated military service into political influence, particularly after 15th century. |
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| Ottoman equivalent of the Abbasid wazir; head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after 5th century often more powerful than sultan. |
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| Early 14th century Sufi mystic; began campaign to purify Islam; first member of Safavid dynasty. |
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| Site of battle between Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Safavids severely defeated by Ottomans; checked western advance of Safavid Empire. |
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| Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology. |
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| According to Shi'ism, rulers who could trace descent from the successors of Ali. |
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| Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism. |
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| Founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1530. |
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| Son and successor of Humayan; oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu princes; attempted to create new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India. |
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| Son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540, but restored Mughal rule by 1556; died shortly thereafter. |
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| Son and successor of Shah Jahan in Mughal India; determined to extend Mughal control over whole of subcontinent; wished to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare exhausted empire despite military successes. |
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| Most important of early Portuguese trading factories in forest zone of Africa. |
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| King of Kongo south of Zaire River from 1507-1543; converted to Christianity and took title Alfonso I; under Portuguese influence attempted to Christianize all of the kingdom. |
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| Portuguese factory established in 1520s south of Kongo; became basis for Portuguese colony of Angola. |
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| Established in Gold Coast among Akan people around Kumasi; dominated by Oyoko clan; many clans linked under Osei Tutu after 1650. |
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| Member of Oyoko clan of Akan peoples in Gold Coast region of Africa; responsible for creating unified Asante Empire in 1701; utilized Western firearms. |
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| Title taken by ruler of Asante Empire; supreme civil and religious leader; authority symbolized by golden stool. |
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| Powerful city-state in present day Nigeria which came into contact with the Portuguese in 1485 but remained relatively free of European influence; important commercial and political entity until the 19th century. |
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| Kingdom developed among Fon or Aja people in 17th century; center Abomey 70 miles from coast; under King Agaja expanded to control coastline and port of Whydah by 1727; accepted Western firearms and goods in return for African slaves. |
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| Movement of BOer settlers in Cape Colony of southern Africa to escape influence of British colonial government in 1834; led to settlement of regions north of Orange River and Natal. |
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| Led mfecane wars in southern Africa. |
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| Wars of 19th century n southern Africa; created by Zulu expansion under Shaka; revolutionized political organization of southern Africa. |
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| African religious ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves in Haiti. |
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| British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to end of English slave trade in 1807. |
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| Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands. |
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| Dutch fortress located after 1620 on the island of Java. |
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| Spanish Jesuit missionary; worked in India in 1540s among the outcaste and lower caste groups; made little headway among elites. |
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| First Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; original name Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored position of scholar-gentry. |
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| Only two ports in China open to trade with the Europeans. |
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| Last of the Ming emperors; committed suicide in 1644 in the face of a Jurchen capture of the Forbidden City at Beijing. |
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| Japanese daimyo; first to make extensive use of firearms; in 1573 deposed last of Ashikaga shoguns; unified much of Honshu under his command; promoted Christianity. |
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| General under Nobunaga; succeeded as leading military power in central Japan; continued efforts to break power of daimyos; constructed a series of alliances that made him military master of Japan in 1590. |
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| Vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established Tokugawa Shogunate; established political unity in Japan. |
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| Tokugawa capital city; modern-day Tokyo; center of the Tokugawa Shogunate. |
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| Island in Nagasaki Bay; only port open to non-Japanese after closure of the islands in the 1640s only Chinese and Dutch ships were permitted to enter. |
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| School of National Learning |
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| New ideology that laid emphasis on Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Chinese imports such as Confucianism; typical of Japan in 18th century. |
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