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| Leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to the creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804. (p. 591) |
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| Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed. (p.591) |
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| Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolivar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations. (p.592) |
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| Son and successor of Joao VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil. (p. 593) |
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| Mestizo general who established union of independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839. (p. 595) |
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| Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America (p.595) |
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| American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly ace by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade. (p. 598) |
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| Coffee states that spread within interior of Brazil between 140 and 1860; created major export commodity for Brazilian trade; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil. (p. 605) |
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| Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about one half of Mexico's national territory to the United States. (p. 601) |
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| Treaty of Guadalupe-Hildago |
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| Agreement that ended the3 Mexican-American war; provided for loss of Texas and California to the United States; left legacy of distrust of the United States in Latin America. (p. 601) |
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| The liberal rebellion of Benito Juarez against the forces of Santa Anna (p. 602) |
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| Strongman leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of guachos; restored local autonomy (p. 598) |
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| Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862; result of compromise between centralists and federalists. (p. 603) |
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| Liberal politician and president of Argentine Republic; author of "Facundo", a critique of cuadillo politics; increased international trade, launched internal reforms in education and transportation. (p. 604) |
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| Conservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824. (p. 591) |
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| Leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata; led to independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata; later led independence movement in Chile and Peru as well. (p. 592) |
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| Dr. Jose Rodriguez de Francia |
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| Belief of the government of the United States that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to annexation of Texas and Mexican-American War. (p. 601) |
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| Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives. (p. 595) |
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| Bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted end to American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery. (p. 599) |
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| Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna |
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| General; seized power in Mexico after collapse empire of Mexico in 1842; after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as cuadillo; defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; defeated by United States in Mexican-American War in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854. (p. 598) |
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| Proclaimed Emperor Maximilian of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juarez in 1867. (p. 602) |
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| One of Juarez's generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; imposed strong central government. (p. 711) |
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| Advisors of government of Porfirio Diaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted government to project image of modernization. (p.612) |
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| War fought between Spain and the United Sates beginning in 1898; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in the Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines |
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| Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia. (p. 592) |
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| Portuguese monarch who established seat of government in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian peninsula; made Brazil seat of empire with capital at Rio de Janeiro. (p. 593) |
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| Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals. (p. 595) |
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| French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberal sin the aftermath of independence. (p. 600) |
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| An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted form United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route between Atlantic and Pacific oceans; completed 1914. (p. 613) |
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