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| Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father’s family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and thereafter; died in 632. He fled to Medina, and is known to be the last/greatest of the prophets and considered the founder of Islam. |
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| Capital of the Abbasid Empire that was near the old Persian capital Ctesiphon. |
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| Holiest city, also the location of Ka’aba and the birthplace of Muhammad. |
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| Where Muhammad fled in the Hij’rah |
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| Capital moved to Damascus, Syria, but Mecca still spiritual; Arabic became the official language; gold and silver coins became the money; and conquered subjects were encouraged to convert to Islam in order to est. a common faith throughout the empire. Supported Sunnis. |
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| Saw a golden age where arts and sciences flourished; moved capital to Baghdad. Made alliances with the Shi’a when revolting against the Umayyads, but then rejected them and supported Sunni. |
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| Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among Bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam. |
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| Holy book of Islam, thought to be Allah’s exact words. |
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| One-faith in one god, Two-praying five times a day, Three-zakat or charity, Four-fasting during Ramadan, and Five-pilgrimage to Mecca. |
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| Name given to leaders after Muhammad’s death. |
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| Muhammad’s son-in-law whose reign as caliph caused controversy and ultimately the split of Islam into the branches of sunni and shia. |
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| First of the rightly-guided caliphs. Played a role in writing the Quran and was a friend of Muhammad. |
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| Struggle; often used for wars in defense of faith |
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| Saw Ali in high esteem, but did not believe that he and his hereditary line are the chosen successors; rather, they contend that the leaders of the empire should be drawn from a broad base of people. |
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| Holds that Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali was the rightful heir to the empire, based on Muhammad’s comments to Ali. |
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| When Muhammad flees Mecca for Medina, beginning of Muslim capital. (622 A.D.) |
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| Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century. |
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| Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph. |
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| Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam. |
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| African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states. |
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| Port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River; population of 50,000; contained a library and university. |
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| Kingsom based on agriculture, formed on lower Congo River by late 15th century, capital at Mbanza Kongo, ruled by hereditary monarchy. |
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| Kingdoms developing at the height of Ghana’s power; had a patriarch or council of elders; had a territorial core area. Ex: Ghana, Mali, and Songhay |
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| Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples located between Zambezi and Limpopo rivers; developed after 9th century; featured royal courts built of stone; took title Mwene Mutapa. |
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| The Arabic word for western North Africa. |
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| A Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa. |
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| Practiced Islam; Mansa Musa, one of the greatest Mali rulers; pilgrimage to Mecca. |
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| Powerful city-state (in present-day Nigeria) which came into contact with the Portuguese in 1485 but remained relatively free of European influence; important commercial and political entity until the 19th century. |
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| Shift to low birth rate, low infant death rate, stable population; first emerged in Europe and the United states in late 19th century. |
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| Eastern half of Roman Empire following collapse of western half of old empire, retained Mediterranean culture, particularly Greek; but later lost Palestine, Syria, and Egypt to Islam; capital at Constantinople. |
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| Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev who converted to Christianity |
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| Slavic kingdom established in northern portions of the Balkan peninsula; constant source of pressure on the Byzantine Empire; defeated by Emperor Basil II in 1014. |
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| Along with Methodius, missionaries sent by Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans; converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity; responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic. |
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| Russian form of Christianity imported from Byzantine Empire and combined with local religion; king characteristically controlled major appointments. |
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| Mongols; captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state in 1236; left Russian Orthodoxy and aristocracy intact. |
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| The period in western European history from the decline and fall of Rome Empire until the 15th century. |
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| System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land. |
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| Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity; allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom. |
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| System of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in western Europe; included one third in spring grains, one third fallow. |
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| Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy. |
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| Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany. |
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| Tried to purify the church and free it from feudal lords. |
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| Bodies representing priviledged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France. |
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| Seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe from the 8th to 11th centuries. |
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| Members of the military elite who received land or benefice from a feudal lord in return for military service and loyalty. |
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| Royal house (family) of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century. |
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| Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following the spliut of Charlemagne’s empire; claimed title of emperor; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany. |
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| Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy. |
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| Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God. |
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| Sworn associations of people in the same business or craft in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities. |
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| Succeeded Teotihuacan culture in central Mexico; strongly militaristic ethic including human sacrifice; influenced large territory after 1000 C.E.; declined after 1200 C.E. |
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| Clans in Aztec society, later expanded to include residential groups that distributed land and provided labor and warriors |
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| Religious leader and reformer of the Toltecs in 10th century; dedicated to god Quetzalcoatl; after losing struggle for power, went into exile in the Yucatan peninsula |
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| Major god of Aztecs; associated with fertility and agriculture cycle; god of rain |
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| Had a large market; like Tenochtitlan. |
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| Toltec deity; feathered serpent; adopted by Aztecs as a major god. |
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| Ruler of the Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca. |
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| Inca practice of descent; all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of cult of dead inca’s mummy. |
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| Dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on the use of logic to resolve theological problems. |
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| Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine |
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