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| A Mesoamerican civilization cocnentrated in Central America and characterized by rivial rulers who sought unsucccessfully to dominate the region from about 3000 CE to 900 CE. The Maya extended the studies of mathematics, astronomy, calendars, and the use of new foods such as maize, tomatoes, chocolate, and squahses first introduced by the Olmecs |
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| Early kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth adn thirteenth centuries CE. There is evidence of trade of gold and salt between merchants in Ghana and Muslim merchants in North Africa |
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| What similarities did the collapse of the Han and Roman empires have? |
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| Both governments encourage imperial expansion beyond their militaries could control, tolerated political corruption, and were inattentive to the needs to the subjects. Civil wars also weakened the central authority of both empires. |
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| What differents were there in the collapses of the Han and Roman empires? |
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| The main idea of Confucianism persisted in the territory of the Han even after teh Han collapsed, but the territory and ideology of the Roman Empire disappeared with its deciline. The Han Empire created an enduring political structure based on a culturally accepted ideology. |
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| The first major civilization in South America (900-250 BCE). Its capital, Chavin de Huantar, was located high in the Andes Moutnains. Chavin domianted two distinct ecological reigions- the Peruvian coastal plains and the Andean foothills. |
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| The eastern portion of the Roman Empire in the fourth century CE. The Byzantine Empire continued the use of Roman law, political structure, and Orthodox Christianity and taxed the considerable trade that flowed through Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and the eastern Mediterranean. |
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| A Chinese dynasty (589-618 CE.) that consturced the Grand Canal, unified China after two hundred years of fightng over the territory of the Han Empire, and provided the basis for the grand expansion of the Tang dynasty. |
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| A powerful Inidna state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, on a capital at Pataliputra in teh Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of asophisticated culture. |
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| The first Mesoamerican civilization, c. 1200-400BCE. The Olmec developed agricutlure, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and large sculptures of human heads. |
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| This practice of communal living existed among Christians and Buddhists for men and women to deovte themselves totally to a spiritual life, living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. |
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| How did Christians and Buddhists find converts to their faiths? |
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| Christians and Buddhists sought converts to their respective religions through missionary activity. Conversion to Judaism was also possible, but there was little missionary activity beyond marraige with neighboring communities to expand the early kinship groups. |
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| Founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 BCE. The Mauryan Empire unified most of the Indian subcontinent and survived until 184 BCE. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley, the empire grew wealthy from taxes on agriculture and iron mining and its control of trade routes in the area. |
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| Han China (206 BCE- 220CE) orginated in the Yellow River valley like its predecessor the Qin dynasty and expanded its borders to incldue parts of Central Asia. The Han Empire is known for developing a state bureaucracy based on Confucianian ideology and an economy on agricultural production and taxed salt and iron production. |
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| First state in the Yellow River region toe conquer other states and create an empire. The first Qin emperor, who named himself Shi Huangdi, chose ot impose Legalism instead of Confucian ideas developed during the previous Zhou period. He isk nown for connecting the many fortification walls in border regions to form The Great Wall of China. |
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| A period of peace and calm throughout the Roman Empire from the time of Augustus (27 BCE- 14 CE) through Marcus Aurelius. During this time, the Roman military protected the individual provinces within the empire, built roads, and enoucrage trade between east and west, north and south. It was a period of political stability, cultural brillance, and economic prosperity. |
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| The period from 507 to 31 BCE during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate, a council whose members were the heads of wealthy landowning families. Quarrels among the senators, however, led to the emergence of hte rule of emperors. |
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| Controlled most of the Mediterranean region, Gual, Britian, and parts of the Balkans. Based on SLAVE labor, military conquest, imported food, and Greek culture. The empire left a legacy of written law, aqueducts, concrete, and literature. |
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| Roman emperor, 312- 337 CE. who made Byzantium. Constantine also converted to Christianity, reudcing the persecution of Christian citizens throughout the empire. Eventually, Christianity was elevated to the offical religion of the Roman Empire. |
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| Alexander successfuly conquered the Persian Empire adn attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures. He also dominated the eastern Mediterranean region. |
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| Site of the one of the great cities of the Indua Valley civilization of the third millennium BCE. It may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials such as metals and precious stones from Southwest Asia. |
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| The caravan route that crossed Central Asia, enabling Chinese goods like silk, tea, and porcelain to be distributed west toward the mediterranean regions and to South Asia and East Africa. Goods like sprices and rare animal products were brought to China along the same routes. |
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| Trans-Saharan Trade Routes |
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| The caravan routes across the Sahara connected trading centers in West Africa, North Africa, and East Africa. The earliest evidence of trade along these routes involved the peoples of the Sahel orchestrating the exhcange of salt from mines in the Sahara fro gold from the Niger Valley region. |
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| From the beginning of the Roman Empire, Germanic tribes settled on their northern borders. From 476 CE these tribes invaded Rome with little success. Only one Germanic tribe, the Franks, succeeded in occupying any Roman territory. |
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| The Franks domianted the terriotry known as Gual, from the Mediterranean to the Pyrenees and north to the Rhine River, approximately where the coutnry of France is today. The Frankish chieftain, Clovis gained loyalty of the Germanic peoples in Gual by sharing the booty and land from battles with his warriors. |
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Agricultural production and record keeping of the early govenremnts of civilizations, as well as trade.
Developments in metal tools shifted from bronze to iron. In particularm iron smelting in West Africa among the Bantu-speaking peoples advanced greatly. |
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| What were the effects of the collapse of the Roman, Han, and Gupta empires? |
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| The collapse of the Roman, Han, and Gupta empires changed who held and used power in the regions they had domianted. New empires like the Byzantine and the Sui continued the patterns of governance began by the Roman and Han empires. The collapse of the Gupta did not lead to another large empire in northern India until the Delhi Sultanate. |
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| Transition from food gathering to agricultural settlements |
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| Turkic speaking peopel from Central Asia who began a westward migration in the late fourth century. Their warrior-king Attila organized the Huns to invade Hungary, tested Roman frontiers in the Balkans, and threatened Gual and northern Italy. The Hunds had little effect on teh Western postclassical world after Attila's death in 453 CE |
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| Common characteristics of early civilization |
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Economic surpluses,
social stratification
labor specialization
Government
large cities
recording systems
architecutre
political and cultural leadership |
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| The founder Siddhartha Guatama created a belief system based on the Four Noble Truths |
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| Chinese cosmology that dates to the Zhou dynasty, with its emphasis on dualism in nature best exemplified in the concept of the yin and yang and the political theory of inaction. One of the key texts is the Daodejing, attributed to the Laozi. Doaism affected Chinese political and artistic ideas |
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| based on the teachings of Confucius this ethical system created order in Chinese scoeity through reciprocal relationships between the ruler and Subject, Husband and Wife, Parents and Children, Older and Younger, and Friends. Confucius and his followers stressed moral education. The Chinese civil service exam developed from examinations basedon Confucian ideas. |
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| Judaism is the oldest of teh Abrahamic faiths based on monotheism. Earyl religiosu requirements included daily prayer, charity to the poor, and animal and plant offerings during annual festivals. Jews are guided by interpretations of the sacred texts, mainly the Torah, by teachers known as rabbis. |
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| Hinduism includes a wide variety of beliefs found on the Indian subcontinent, including the basic concepts of a caste system with Brahmin preists at the top. The concept of dharama, or laws for daily life, is delinated fro each caste. The sacred texts are the Vedas and Upanishads. |
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| How did the tenets of Confucianism and Hinduism affect the social hierarchies of the Han and Gupta empires? |
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| In Confucianism, any male educated in the Confucian classics could rise to be an interpreter, the highest social level of both religions. In Hinduism, however, the Brahmins were born into their positions. Merchants were put at the bottom of the social scale accoridng to Confucianism. In Hinduism, merchants had a higher cast level than farmers. |
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| Earliest written law code attributed to the Babylonian king Hammurabi |
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| How did the tenets of Christianity and Buddhism affect the roles of women? |
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Both belief systems gave some recognition of female spiritual needs. Female beleivers could accpet the otherworldy goals, monasticism, and renunication of worldly pleasures and focus on saints or boghisattvas who could offfer salvation.
Buddhist belief in reincarnation emphasized a higher status for males. Christian women were supposed to aspire to the role of models of dutiful daughter, wife, and mother. |
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| Near the Indian Ocean durin the summer, the winds blow regularly from the southwest, whereas in the witner they come from the northeast. Mariners with knowledge of the wind patterns could use these moonsoon winds to sail to different parts of the Indean Ocean. The development of dhows with lateen sails was directly related to harnessing these winds. |
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| Bantu-speaking peoples developed in the region between the Niger and Congo rivers. Their master of iron smelting and slash-and-burn agriculture enabled them to expand their populations and migrate south and east throuhgout sub-Saharan Africa. |
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