Term
| What impact did the failure to ratify the Treaty of Versailles have on teh League of Nations? |
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Definition
| The brainchild of Woodrow WIlson, the League of nations was a colective security body meant to provide a forum for the resoltuion of conflict and to prevent future world wars. The League's covenant was written into the Treaty of Versailles. The U.S. Senate however, voted against joioning the League, leaving it weak international force |
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Term
| What was the Red Scare in the United States? |
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Definition
| After World War I and the Russian Revolution, public reaction turned against all things radical. fears of revolution caused people to react negatively to labor strikes and race riots. The government began witch-hunts aimed at identifying radicals and communists. The Palmer Raids were conducted to deport suspected communists. The Red Scarce ended by 1920. It would resurface again after World War II. |
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Term
| Why was the March on Washington significant for the Civil Rights movement? |
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Definition
| The March on Washington occurred on August 28, 1963, when over 200,000 individuals marched to the Lincoln Memorial while singing "We Shall Overcome." At the Memorial, King gave his famous "I have a dream" speech. This was the largest demonstration for Civil Rights ever. It focused public attention on the cause and helped influence Kennedy's decision to support Civil Rights legislation. |
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Term
| What were the effects of OPEC's actions in the early 1970's? |
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Definition
| In 1973, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) created an embargo refusing to export oil to Western nations. The embargo, which lasted until 1974, sparked rapid inflation in the West and had a crippling effect on the U.S. economy. The unsuing economic crisis plagued Gerald Ford's time in office was one of the factors in his 1976 defeat. |
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Term
| What led to the crash of the U.S. Stock Market of 1929? |
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Definition
| The stock market crash began on Thursday, October 24, 1929, "Black Thursday," when traders fell into a selling panic. The market dropped in vaue by almost 13 percent. The reasons for the crash started long before this date as sepculators began buying on margin and gamblin in the market. Black Thursday started a snowball effect that destroyed the stock market and led to the ruin of the U.S. economy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed in 1949 to counter the Soviet threat in Eastern Europe, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization prepared Western European powers and the U.S. to fight as a unififed coalition. There are only seven memebr nations in NATO including the U.S., Canada, the UK, and Germany. Throughout the Cold War, NATO was the primary Western alliance in opopoistion to cummunist forces. |
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Term
| What was the effect of the Truman Doctrine? |
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Definition
| In March 1947, Truman proclaimed before Congress that the U.S. would support people anywhere in the world facing "attempted subjugation by armed minoritites or by outside pressures." The Truman Doctrine basically committed the U.S. to a role as a global policeman. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Camp David Accords were signed by Israel's leader, Menachem Begin, and Egypt's leader, Anwar el-Sadat, on September 17, 1978 and were designed to put an end to the violence in the Middle East. The treaty, however, fell apart when Sadat was assassinated by Islamic funamentalists in 1981. |
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Term
| To what extent were the Paris of Accords of 1972 successful? |
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Definition
| Beginning with Kennedy's presidency, American troops became increasingly involved in fighting against communist North Vietnam. Yet, when the U.S. realized ti could not win, it entered the Paris Accords, settling the terms of withdrawal and ending the war with North Vietnam. However, the treaty left the conflict between North and South Vietnam unresolved, and the North eventually reunited Vietnam under common rule. |
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Term
| Other than providing aid to war-torn Europe, what was the main purpose of the Marshall Plan? |
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Definition
| Begun in 1948, the Marshall Plan was a four year plan of American aid for Europe. However, the U.S. government had another motivation: The desire to prevent further communist expansion by eliminating economic and political instability in Europe. By 1952, Congress had appropriated some 17 bllion dollars for Marshall Plan aid, and the western Europe economy had largely recovered. |
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Term
| What was the Yalta Conference? |
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Definition
| In 1945, Stalin, Churchill, and Franklin Roosevelt met to discuss post-war issues. Stalin was the winner, gaining a pro-Soviet government in charge of Poland, the division of Germany, and territory concessions in Asia. |
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Term
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Definition
| The treaty that ended the French and Indian War as it was known in the New World or the Seven Years War as it was called in europe. As a result of France's loss in the war, they gave up all of their possessions in North America. This effectively gave Britian supreme power in North America east of the Mississippi. |
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Term
| What was the significance of the Cuban Missle Crisis in terms of the U.S. Soviet relations? |
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Definition
| In 1962 the U.S. learned that Soviet missile bases were being constructed in Cuba. Kennedy demanded that the USSR remove the bases. A naval blockade was ordered, and nuclear war seemed imminent. However, Soviet Premier Khrushchev backed down and dismantled the bases in return for a U.S. promise not to invade Cuba. This was the closest that the U.S. and the USSR came to direct confrontation during the Cold War. |
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Term
| What were the causes of World War I? |
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Definition
| Nationalism spurred competition in Europe, and nations increased their militaries and their miltiary potential through alliances. When Serbian nationalists assassinated the heir to the trhone of the Austro-Hngarian Empire, the German government allied with the Austrians, and the Russian govenrmetn allied with the Serbians. When Germany invaded Belgium, war was inevitable. |
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Term
| What were the global effects of World War I? |
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Definition
| The Treaty of Versailles, written mostly by the represntatives from France and Great Britian, redrew boundaries in europe to meet their views of balancing the power of their potential rivals. THey also meted out conditions and restrictions on the new German government. Colonial rule in Africa and Asia was not addressed. |
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Term
| What was the mandate system put in place in the Middle East after WWI? |
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Definition
| In the Treaty of Versailles, which ended WWI, the French and British governments divided up Ottoman territories in the Middle East. The French created Syria and Lebanon, and the British Iraq, Jordan, and Palestine. The mandate system institued in these new countries claimed to guide the Arabs into eventually gaining sovereignty as nation states, but in reality allowed colonial officials free reign. |
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Term
| What were the effects of World War I in Asia and Africa? |
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Definition
| Asian and African representatives went to Paris with hopes of being heard at the peace conference in 1919, but none were allowed to join the discussions. This Pan-African Congress took the messages back to their respective countries tha they needed to step up their efforts for independence, as their views were not respected by other world leaders. |
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Term
| What were the causes of WWII? |
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Definition
| At the outbreak of WWI, nationalism and competition for military and economic strength propelled the Germans to break the restrictions of the Versallies Treaty. The German invasion in 1939 of Poland prompted the British to declare war. Some historians fault the overly strict conditions that the Treaty of Versailles placed on Germany as a partial cause for WWII |
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Term
| How did the U.S. stock market crash in 1929 cause global economic depression? |
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Definition
| The integration of the world economy in the 19th century resulted in several booms and busts of the business cuycle, but the impact was msotly local. What globalized the effects of the crash of the banking indsutry in 1929 was the extentsion of credit by American and European banks around the world. |
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Term
| What caused the stock market crash in the U.S. in 1929? |
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Definition
| After WWI, farmers' production otupaced slaes and prices fell. Farmers couldn't pay back their loans, and as a result some banks failed, and others demanded their money in cash from stable banks. Banks then had to pressure stockholders, who had taken out loans to buy stocks, for repayment. Stockowners tried to sell stock with few buyers, leading to the crash of the New York Stock Exchange. |
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Term
| What was the global effects of the Great Depression? |
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Definition
| Global industrial production declined by 26 percent between 1929 and 1932 and world trade dropped 62 percent. The U.S. economy was initially hit the hardest because it relied so much on exporting its manufactured goods. French and British factories forced their colonies back into merchantilists agreements of only buying from their colonial masters. |
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Term
| What were the causes of WWII in Asia? |
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Definition
| Beginning in 1931 with the invasion of Manuchuria, the Japanese imperial government attempted to create a Japanese empire in Asia. The Japanese used the resourced and peoples of Korea (colonized in 1910), Taiwan, and the former German colonial islands in the South Pacific to launch a war agianst its neighbors in the Pacific. |
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Term
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Definition
| During the Cold War, the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. did not want to confront each other directly. Instead, both govenrmetns chose to support other countries in their battles with neighbors or agaisnt rebel groups. These battles were known as proxy wars. |
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Term
| World Trade Organization (WTO) |
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Definition
| In 1995, the WTO was established to organize and encourage global trade by outlining the rules of trade between nations. It was created to reduce obstacles to international trade and rests on the agreements negotiated and signed by the builk of the world's trading nations and ratified by their legislative bodies. |
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Term
| Track the changes in communist ideology and practice |
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Definition
| In the mid 19th century, Karl Marx and frederick Engels wrongly predicted a spontaneous revolution of the working class. In the early 20th century, Lenin argued for a forced revolution led by a small group of highly trained and dedicated indivieduals. After Lenin''s death in 1925, Joseph Stalkin seized power and forced rapid industrialization through collectivization of agricultral production. |
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Term
| Where did the political rights for women receive the most attention? |
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Definition
| New Zealand (1893) and Finland (1906) were the first countries to give women the right to vote in national elections. Although women voted in local elections in many other indsutrailized countries, formal constitutional sufffrage came mostly after WWI due to women's wartime work to keep the economies of their countries going. |
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Term
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Definition
| A government's killing of its own citizens. The first example is the Turkish government's attacks on Armenians during the World War I. The Holocaust is the name for the Nazi's systematic persecution and attempted extermination of European Jews from 1933 until 1945. |
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Term
| How did the increase in automobiles cause suburbanization? |
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Definition
| The assembly line mass-produced vehicles in ever-greater volume and at ever-cheaper prices. The automobile helped create suburban areas by making it easier for commuting workers. The suburbs contained single family homes spread farther apart. Los Angeles, California, was teh first city created for the automobile, with suburbs spread over hundreds of miles and connected by paved roads. |
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Term
| How did radio and television change the effect of the media on political structures in the 1930s? |
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Definition
| The use of radio broadcasts during the 1930s helped political parties and governments reach a bigger audience. Mass media made it possible to galvanize public opinion much more quickly on issues important to political candidates or government leaders. |
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Term
| How did the invention and spread of nuclear weapons affect the global power balance? |
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Definition
| Fear of nuclear warfare affected strategic military decisions of both the United States and the U.S.S.R., the leading producers of nuclear weapons. The devastation of Hiroshima and Nagasaki made it clear that absolute nuclear annihilation was possible for the enitre planet. |
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Term
| What advances in medical science lengthened the average life span and helped increase the world's population? |
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Definition
| Pencillin (discovered by Dr. Alexander Fleming in 1928), Dr. Charles Drew's work on blood transfusions, and the polio vaccine (created by Dr. Jonas Stalk in 1955), all contributed to the increased average life span and increase in size of the world's population. |
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Term
| What was the Green Revolution in India? |
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Definition
| In 1966, the International Rice Research Institute began distributing seeds for an improved rice crop known as IR-8. Crop yields from this and other new varieties, along with improved farming techniques, were initially so impressive that the term Green Revolution was coined to describe a new era in agriculture. |
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Term
| Chart educational opportunitites for women worldwide |
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Definition
| In Communist countries, educational opportunitites opened quicker than fro women living under other systems of government. Women in the Soivet Union, for exaple, by the mid 20th century could train to be doctors and engineers with little prejudice. The Communist governments prided themselves on providing free day-care and paid maternity leaves. |
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Term
| How did the spread of industrialization affect women in the workplace? |
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Definition
| By the 20th century, most established industrialized economies preferred male workers. The glaring exception was during the world wars when women filled factoory jobs when men were fighting off. Educated women, whose numbers swelled after the 1970s, gained greater access to better-paying and high-prestige jobs, though not at the highest pay scale. |
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Term
| Which countries had women leaders in the 20th century? |
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Definition
| Among hte msot notable were Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India; Golda Meir, Primce Minister of Israel; Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of Great Britian; Corazon Cojuangco Aquino, President of the Philippines; Vigdis Finnbogadottir, President of Iceland; Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime Minister of Norway; and Helen Clark, Prime Minister of New Zealand. |
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Term
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Definition
| Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings, allowing more efficient control over peasants but often accompanied by decreases in food production. Collectivization was part of Stalin's economic and political planning and was often adopted in other communist regimes. Mao imposed communal farming during his Great Leap Forward campaign in the late 1950s |
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Term
| Trace the grown of film industries as a part of international popular culture |
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Definition
| Motion pictures began in France with the invention of the Lumiere brothers camrea in the late 19th century. Americans picked up the art, and American films became known for its cinematic innovation. The American film industry dominated the industry until the end of the 20th century, spreading American culture around the globe. |
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Term
| What were the key ideals of the environmental movements? |
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Definition
| Soil erosion, global warming, air and water pollution, and the extinction of species became focal points of debate about what individual governments and international organizations could od about threats to nature and human societites. Public awareness led to major international conferences, but governemtns have been slow to respond in fear of damaging their economies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Modernism in art was a movement toward abstraction and nonrepresentational art. The European Impressionist painters initiated the idea of multiple ways of seeing and portraying impressions of the world. The cubist art style, a foundation of the mdoernist movement, was best represented by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso, who rendered familiar objects in geometrical shapes. |
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Term
| Who were the major Facist leaders of the 20th century? |
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Definition
| With the military losses in World War I and the resulting economic weaknesses, Benito Mussolini rose to power in Italy in the 1920s with his program of intense nationalism, personal dictatorship, and supression of dissent. He was quickly copied by Adolph Hitler in Germany, and Francisco Franco in Spain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Soviet Union and the U.S. experienced a Cold War from 1946 to 1991. While there was no actualy direct conflict between the nations, they were military enemies and political and technological rivals. both superpowers possessed nuclear weapons, and an arms race was ongoing. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organized movement of nations that attempted to form a third world force through a policy of nonalignment with the U.S. and Soviet Union. Yugolavia, India, and Indonesia were instrumental in founding the meovment in 1961. Its members, mainly developing nations from Asia, Africa, and Latin America, accounted for more than half wthe world's people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Following increases in oil prices during the 1970s, the world's major oil producers formed a monopoly called the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. OPEC includes Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Nigeria, and Venezuela. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fifty-one countries founded the United Nations on October 24, 1945. Its central mission was to preserve peace and global stability through international cooperation and collective security. Still in operation today, the UN now claims 189 countries as members. |
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Term
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Definition
| Civic and religious organizations not directly sponsored or funded by their home governemnts who work to improve the health, safety, rights, and education of peoples around the world. The International Red cross, Human Rights Watch, Doctors Without Borders, and Amnesty International are all NGOs. |
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Term
| Import-Substitution Strategy |
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Definition
| During the Great Depression, the president of Brazil, Getulio Vargas, tried to lift his country out of an economic depression by raising import duties and promoting national firms and state-owned enterprises. By 1936, industrial production had doubled, and the policy became a model for other Latin American countries as they tried to break away from neocolonial dependency. |
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Term
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Definition
| Local priests in Latin American combined Catholic morality wtih socialist economic principles in efforts to bring out improved conditons for the poor. Their work led to conflicts with the more conservative governments who feared for their political lives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Since the 1950s, Western European countries have been slowly integrating their economies and defense arrangments. In 1979, citizens of Western European countries voted directly for representatives to the European Parliament. The Maastricht Treaty in 1992 made the European Union a reality. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the 19th century, in response to anti-Semitism in Europe, a young journalist, Theodor Herzerl, formed the Zionist movement, whose aim was to establish an independent, sovereign, Jewish country. In 1917, British foregin secretary Arthur Balfour issues a statement favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. |
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Term
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Definition
| After WWII, the colonies of Japan, Germany, and Italy gained independence but many colonies of the Allies in Africa were not immediately freed. In general, the British and French colonies in Africa did not gain their independence until the 1960s. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1948, the Afrikaner Party achieved an electoral majority and formed a new governemnt in South Africa that dramatically expanded the policy of strict racial segregation. Know as apartheid, this policy guaranteed the contiued domination of whites both politcally and economically. |
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Term
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Definition
| Region identified in the 1990s as including Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and typified by rapid economic growth rates, expanding exports, and industrialization. |
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Term
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Definition
| The attitudes of the post-WWII generation toward their respective governments were less than respectful. An antiwar movement applied mostly nonviolent protest tactics against the presence of U.S. troops in Vietnam. Student protests in 1968 included mass rallies and sitins in capital cities worldwide from Paris and London to Prague and Buenos Aires. |
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Term
| Chinese Cultural Revolution |
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Definition
| In 1965, Mao Zedong staged a comback to political power by reaching out to young people who were born after the establishment of Communist China in 1949. He urged the Chinese youth to create revolutionary experiences for themselves by getting rid of the "four olds" in Chinese society: customs, habits, culture, and thinking. |
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Term
| Tiananmen Square Riot in 1989 |
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Definition
| In 1979, the Chinese Communist government began arresting Chinese students who expressed their desire for a representative government. In 1989, after a beloved leader, hu Yaobang, died, many showed their respect by placing wreaths for him in tiananmen Square. The Chinese leader, Deng Xiaoping, ordered troops to clear the square, leading to many deaths. |
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Term
| What signified the end of the Cold War? |
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Definition
| The destruction of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 that had divided the Germany city of Berlin since 1961, and the forced resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev in 1991, the last political leader of the Soviet Union, by Boris Yelstin, the president of the Russian Republic. |
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Term
| Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia, 1989 |
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Definition
| The bloodless revolution that overthrew the Communist government after the collapse of the Berlin Wall. Vaclav havel led protestors and demanded the reisgnation of the Communist government, the release of prisoners of conscience, and an investigation of police actions. The Communist leaders stepped down and in December Vaclav Havel was elected president. |
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Term
| Solidarity Movement in Polant |
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Definition
| The name given to a labor union in Poland that worked to topple the Communist Party and helped to bring about an independent Poland. At first, it met with much opposition and repression by the Moscow-controlled Communist government of Poland. |
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Term
| Partition of India and Pakistan |
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Definition
| Rioting between Hindus and Muslims broke out in many parts of India at the end of World War II when Britian prepared for India's independence. By early 1947, the Indian National Congress proclaimed a partition of India into two states: one secular but dominated by Hindus, the other Muslim. A mass migration of some 12 million people crossed the border between the new countries. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1956, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser tried to nationalize the Suez canal, which had been owned by British and French interests. In response, Britian, France, and Israel attacked Egypt. The United States, the UN, and the U.S.S.R. condemned the intervention and pressured the forces to withdraw. |
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Term
| What wast he cause of Arab-Israeli conflict? |
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Definition
| During hte Holocaust, Jews who escaped Nazi persecution went to British controlled Palestine agaisnt Arab wishes, who feared that the Jews would claim the land for themselves. In 1947, the U.N. voted to partititon the land into two distinct states. When the Zionists declared the new state of Israel in May 1948, Arab leaders and their armies in surrounding countries declared war. |
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Term
| Japanese Economic Miracle |
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Definition
| Japan experienced a faster rate of economic growth in the 1970s and the 1980s than any other major developed economy in history. One reason for Japan's economic successes was the keiretsu, an interlocking ownership structure that includes am ajor bank and firms in indsutry, commerce, and construction. |
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Term
| What was the Domino Theory? |
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Definition
| A foregin policy begun by U.D. presidentEisenhower that expressed the idea that if any nation becames communist, then the countries aroudn that contry would likely become communist too. This theory served to justify U.S. intervention in Vietnam against the Vietnamese communist forces that controlled the northern part of the country. |
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Term
| Demographic Transition Model |
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Definition
| The demographic transition model seeks to explain the transformation of countries from having high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. In developed countries this transition began in teh 18th century and continues today. Less-developed countries began the transition later and are still in the midst of earlier stages of the model. |
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Term
| UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
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Definition
| Outlined the same basic civil rights found in many of the constitutions influenced by the natural rights identified by the Englightment thinkers. The UN, however, had no power to enforce the declaration, so the protection of the civil rights of minorities and women is still not guaranteed in many areas of the world. |
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