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| Charles Darwin's theories of the revolution of human beings, written after his recognition of the transformation of genetic traits in unique environments of islands in Southeast Asia. |
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| A branch of socialism developed by Karl Marx based on the concept that class struggle plays a central role in society's inevitable development from oppression under capitalism to a socialist and ultimately classless society. |
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| The application of Charles Darwin's evolutionary ideas about the survival of the fittest to human society. The theory explains that individuals or groups acheieve advantage over others as a result of genetic or biological superiority. |
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| Sepoys, Indian men hires to work as soldiers or security guards to protect the fortified warehouses of the British East India Company, revoltooops quelled the rebellion, in 1856 when some sepoys refused to follow orders and were then imprisoned. While British troops quelled the rebellion, sepoy resentment led to the feormation of Indian political parties opposed to British rule. |
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| How did the United States expand its territory as a result of the Spanish-American War? |
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| In 1898, the Treaty of Paris ending the Spanish-American War sgave the United States control of the Phillippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. Cuba was technically politically independent, but American businessmen sought to control the Cuban economy in which they had great investments in the sugar industry. |
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| What was the "effective occupation" requirement in the Berlin Treaty of 1885? |
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| Doctrine was created in the Berlin Treaty of 1885 that allowed Europeans countries to claim territory in Africa as long as they settled their citizens there to directly Administer the new colonies. |
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| In 1868, after a civil war with shogun forces, lords and samurai who backed the young Japanese emperor designed a new government as the political leader. Under Meiji leadership, the Japanese economy was industrialized, the military modernized, a universal education was established, electricicty and railroads were created, and global trade increased. |
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| Chinese Revolution of 1911 |
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| In 1911, a grouthe Qing government were of protestors against the Qing government were short by government troops. A political organization, known as the Gyomindang, led by Sun Yatsen, used European liberal ideas to rally students, workers, soldiers, and merchants to overthrow the Manuchu rulers of China, ending the last Chinese dynasty, the Qing. |
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| Muhammad Ali, ruler of Egypt |
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| The commander of a contingent of Albanian soldiers sent by the Ottoman sultan to take Egypt back from the Mamluk (slave soldiers of the Abbasids), who had been ruling Rgypt. Ali took the place of the Ottoman governor and dispossessed the Mamluks of their lands and privileges. He rules until his death in 1849, and his family continued to be in power until 1852 |
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| Causes of the American Revolution |
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| The first successful colonial war for independence was begun over economic differences with the British govenrment. Required to pay teaxes to produce any public documents and limited to trade with the monopolistic British East India Company, the elite in the British. colonies in North America used Enlightment philosophy to justify a break with Great Britian |
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| Causes and Events of the French Revolution |
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| Inspired by the success of the American revolutionaries, the French middle and professional classes refused to accept the new tax burden King Louis XVI requested in 1789. The French peasant joined the protest by attacking the feudal priviledges of nobles and even some of the nobility themselves. |
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| Haitans demanded the same protection of their natural rights given by the new French constitution and Declaration of the Rights of Man. When Napolean insisted that Saint Domingue remain a dependent sugar producing colony of France, Toussaint L'Ouverture and others rebelled. By 1804, Haiti was the second independent nation-state in the Atlantic world. |
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| Founded in 1809, the Sokoto Caliphate was created by the Islamic Hausa states in what is today northern Nigera. New centers of Islamic learning and reform were developed, and a great library attracted scholars in this large state. Although non-Muslims were allowed to live and work in the caliphate, they had to pay a special tax and were not permitted to publicly dnace or participate in ceremonies of their religions. |
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| Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) |
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| War (1756-1763) along the North American frontier between French and British colonial forces and their Native American allies. British victory led to undisputed contorl of North America east of the Mississippi River while forcing France to surrender most of its holdings in India. The cost of the war led the British to increases taxes on its colonies in the New World, provoking the American Revolution. |
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| An agreement solicited by German chancellor Otto von Bismark between fourteen European leaders to set the rules for the partition of the African continent into European colonies. The act proclaimed that nay European state could establish a new colony in Africa after notifying the others of its intent and sending settlers to permanently settle that territory. No Africans were involved in the act. |
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| What was the outcome of the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1896? |
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| The Etiopians successfully fought of Italian attempts to take over their country. Emperor Menelik I galvanized his neighbors, the Sudanese, to resist Italian and British attempts to set ther Africans against each other and weakened their defenses. Menelik also was able to defend his borders effectively with modern military weapons be purchased from the French. |
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| Treaty of Kanagawa (Japan and United States) |
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| In 1857, Admiral Perry sailed into Tokyo harbor in his iron-plated steam ships with a letter from U.S. president Millard Fillmore requesting that the Japanese government agree to trade with American merchants, help American sailors stranded on Japanese territory, and sell water and coal to American ships passing by on thier way to trade in China. |
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| Treaty of Guadalupe-Hildago (Mexico-U.S.) |
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| After the Unites States defeated Mexico in 1848 in the Mexican-American War, the two countries signed the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hildago, giving the United States control over Texas, the Southwest, and California in exchange for 15 million. American merchants also gained free passage along Mexican rivers. |
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| Wars fought between Great Britian and the Qing Empire over the prohibition of the sale of opium in China. The first war, in 1840, was easily won by the British navy, and the resulting Treaty of Nanjing stipulated new rights of British citizens in China, including new rules that allowed the British to live under the laws of thier native country. |
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| In 1853, the British and French militaries intervened to help the Ottoman Empire maintain control over ports in the Black Sea against Russian invasion. The propaganda effect of newspaper accounts of the battles spurred nationalism in France and England, and the loss of more troops to disease than to wounds was highlighted by the professional nursing corps created by Florence Nightingale. |
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| American president James Monroe declared in 1820 that European countries were not allowed to attempt re-colonization of the newly indepdendent nation-states in Latin America. He also states that only the government or U.S. merchants had the right to intervene in Latin American countries if debts or other financial matters need to be solved. |
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| In the mid-19th century, telegraph lines weres trung along railraod tracks to help send telegrams from station to station to announce the arrival of trains. In 1851, the first telegraph cable was laid across the English Channel, beginning a network of cables laid across land and the oceans so people could communicate across the entire planet. |
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| Name two technological advancements in weaponry that changed military tactics around the world in the period 1750-1914 |
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| New military tactis resulted from the mass production of rapid-fire guns and steamships with cannons. Cavalry forces could not be used against breech-loading rifles. Steamships with cannons could easily outmaneuver naval vessels powered by sails and were no subject to changes in the weather. |
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| Give an example of the environmental impact of industrialization. |
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| The burning of coal for the steam engines that powered the new factories in England created tremendous air pollution. The chemicals used in the dyeing of textiles were dumped directly into rivers and streams creating incredible water pollution. The soot from the factories also dirtied buildings and the clothing city dwellers. |
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| Quinine was the Jesuit cure for malaria, as Jesuit missionaires and scientists developed medicine using the chinoa bark discovered in use by native peoples in the Amazonian region to diminish fevers. The development of quinine into mass-produced tablets made it territories they claimed in equatorial regions of Africa and Asia without fears of malaria. |
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| Name four epidemic diseaes in industrial cities. |
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| The congested urban areas encouraged by the development of factory towns in England led to epidemics of typhus, cholera, and tuberculosis. A new disease, rickets, a bone disease caused by lack of sunshine, became endemic in dark and smoky industrial cities. |
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| Transportation Revolution |
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| In the early 19th century, steam railways replaced horses pulling heavy wagons and vastly sped up the movement of goods and peoples across England. In the United States, railraods also began connecting the large citites of the eastern seaboard and then the eastern region with the midwestern region. |
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| Why were women and children the preferred workers in textile factories? |
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| Textiles were the first industry to develop as industrialization process. The new textile machines, powered by steam engines, moved very quickly and often threads would break, requiring the small hands and bodies of children and women to retie them. |
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| Abolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade |
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| Christian men of conscience formed abolition societies that agitated for decades against the inhumane nature of the slave trade. In 1808, the British pariliament made participation in the Atlantic Slave Trdae illegal for its citizens. A new era of "legitimate trade" ensued of trading gold and palm oil for European manufactured cloth, weapons, and alcohol. |
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| How did the industrialization incerase the size of the middle class? |
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| A new group arose as a result of industrialization: middle class entrepreneurs whose money came from manufacturing. They started textile factories with the new machines and then re-invented their profits into the factories. As the production from factories increased, other middle-class professions increased, such as the transportation, promotion, and sale of the goods. |
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| What were the Victorian British attitudes toward gender roles? |
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| During the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901), rigid moral standards and rituals resulted in sharply differnetiated roles for men and women in all classes, but the middle class absorbed the rules most fully. The ideal featured "separate spheres" for men and women: men struggled in the working world and women devoted themselves to making a warm and attenative home. |
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| What was Indian and Chinese "bonded labor"? |
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| After the British ended the Atlantic Slave Trade, and slavery ws abolished in most colonies in the Americas, a new system of forced labor replaced slavery. Poor men from India and China were offered indentured contracts to grow and harvest cash crops, mine gold and diamonds, and build new transportation systems like railroads. These men were known as bonded laborers. |
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| What was market economy or laissez-faire capitalism? |
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| The idea that governmetns should refrain from interfering in the nautral workings of the economy. This idea was directly connected to the potential for greater profits through industrialization and first set forth in 1776 by Adam Smith, a British philosopher, in his book The Wealth of Nations. |
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