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| Hasburg ruler of Spain from 1516-56. Elected Holy Roman Emperor in 15198. He defended the Hapsburg lands from the Ottomans and decided to split the Hapsburg Spanish and Holy Roman lands between his son, Philip II, and his brother Ferdinand I. |
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| Who was William of Orange? |
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| Also known as William the SIlent, William of Orange was teh ruler of the Netherlands who led a revolt for independence against Hapsburg Philip II of Spain. |
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| The route that many slaves took between the west coast of Africa and the New World. The number of Africans who made this horrific trip as salves to the New World has never been accurately determined though estimates range from 8 million up to over 20 million |
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| People eager to come to the New World but lacking the money to pay their passage could come over as indentured servants. They chose to work for a period of time with no wages until they had paid back their passage. They were the first cheapt labor soruce for the tobacco fields in Virginia. |
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| The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and peoples between the Americas adn the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages in the late 15th century. Plants from the Americas contributed to population increases in Eurasia. Horses from Eurasia greatly altered the Plains Indians' way of life. Eurasian dieseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza decimated the Native American population. |
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| What motivated 15th century Portuguese rulers to sponsor sea voyages to West Africa? |
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| The Portuguese expelled the Muslims and Jews from teh Iberian Peninsula and then moved into North Africa searching for richers and converting the natives to Christianity. When the military could not move any farther south on land, the Portuguese king sponsored sea voyages to West Africa to convert local tribes to Christianity and to obtain direct access to the largest gold-producing region in the Eastern Hemisphere. |
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| How did the Portuguese establish a trade empire in the 16th century? |
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| The Portuguese king Manuel set up trading ports along the coasts of Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and China. By 1550, using armed ships and thousands of soldiers, all merchant ships entering and leaving these ports had to carry a Portuguese-issued passport and pay fees to the king. By the end of the 16th century, th Portugese dominated the transportation of spices back to Europe. |
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| What was the effect of silver on the world economy in the 16th and 17th century? |
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Definition
| The unexpected and overwhelming amount of silver bullion brought to Europe when the Spanish conquered the Americas upset the ecnomy in Western Europe. Prices increased, and with the extra cash, Spanish rulers bought weapons and ships to wage war against England. In 1571, the Ming governemnt required that all taxes henceforth be paid in silver, leading to increased trade wtih China. |
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| Desribe the Triangle Trade |
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Definition
| The circuit of trade among Europe, West Africa, and the Americas. In Europe, merchants loaded their ships with European guns, AMerican rum, and Indian textiles and brought them to West Africa where they traded for gold, timber, ivory, and slaves. Other ships transported African slaves to plantations in the Americas, where sugar, cotton, tobacco, and rum were produced for trade wtih Europe. |
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| Why did the rulers of Benin of West Africa have interaction with the Portuguese? |
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Definition
| The ruler of Benin invited the Portuguese soldiers and missionaries to join him in battles against his enemies in the mid-15th cnetury to test the efficacy of their military techniques and of Christian religion. After 1538, however, the rulers of Benin reversed the open contact policy with the Portuguese and declines offers to recieve Catholic missionaries. |
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| In the 11th century, Iberian Christian states waged military campagins to re-take territory ruled by Muslims since the 8th century. in 1492, the last Muslim ruler was defeated and Spain and Portugual became independent kingdoms. Both centuries soon expelled Protestant, Jewish, and Muslim subjects not willing to convert to the Roman Catholic Church. |
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| Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) |
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Definition
| Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was teh first to sail around the world. His voyages started from Spain and went south and west around South America. When his ships landed in the Philippines, he insulted the local leaders and was killed, but his crew continued the voyages and returned east through the South China Sea, Indian Ocean, and around Africa to Spain |
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| Japanese Seclusion Act of 1639 |
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Definition
| The Tokugawa Shogunate (1600-1868) limited its foregin trade to only the Duth, Koreans, Taiwanese, and the Chinese after 1639. The new Japanese leader felt threatened by the subordinate lords who used their Christianity to opoose the power of the shogun. THe Christian lords used their contacts with fellow Catholics, the Spanish and Portugese, to obtain more guns and promises of support from the Europeans. |
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| With the sponsorship of the Iberian royal couple Ferdinand and Isabells, Columbus set out to find a faster route to the "indies." Columbus and his crew landed in the Bahamas in 1492, which he claimed for his sponsors. His 4 voyages to teh Caribbean and Central America permanently linked the peoples of the two hemispheres. |
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| Giovanni Cabato (John Cabot), a Venetian merchant and expert mariner, sought funding for a voyage of exploration across the Atlantic, but both the Portuguese and Spanish monarchs rebuffed him. He moved to England, changed his name of John Cabot, and gained the sponsorship of the English king Henry VII |
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| What were the effects of the global fur trade on the indigenous peoples of North America? |
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Definition
| As demand for furs from European and Chinese consumers increased. Native Americans disrupted the balance in forests of North America by depleting the deer and beaver populations. Less emphasis on subsistence farming and hunting led to dependence on European traders for products including guns, metal tools, textiles, and alcohol. |
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| Why did the Dutch and English merchants fight over the Banda Islands in Southeast Asia? |
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Definition
| Competition for the spice trade in Southeast Asia. The Dutch dominated the spice trade when teh English arrived in the early 17th century and attempted to gain a foothold in the spice trade by claiming the key island of Run in teh Banda Island chain. The Treaty of Breda trasnferred English claims to Run to the Dutch and the Dutch claims to the North American island of Manhattan to the English. |
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| What impact did the sugar planation economies in Brazil have on the slave trade? |
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Definition
| Sugar dominated the economies of the plantations the Portuguese colonists started in Brazil. At first they enslaved natives to produce sugar, but the recurring pandemics weakened and iminished the supply of native workers, which soon led to the importation of African salves until the abolition of the salve trade in the early 19th century. |
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| In 1506, Nzigna Mbemba, also known as Afonso I, succeeded his father, Nzinga Nkuwu, and ruled fro 37 years, the longest reign in Kongo history. While his father maintained limited contact with the Portuguese and viewd Christianity as a cult, Afonso I was a devout Christian who gladly wlecomed trade with the Portuguese and made Catholicism the state religion. |
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| European changes in the 15th century |
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Definition
| European cities grew dramatically due to increased trade within Europe and overseas. The Dutch pioneered the use of join-stock companies that were often backed by a government charter, which fueled new business ventures. The rise of investment banks in the Italian city-states, especially Florence, also helped provide credit to European merchants who wanted to expand their businesses. |
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| What were the advantages of the new ship desgiend by the Portuguese called the caravel? |
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Definition
| The new Iberian-designed ship, the caravel, combined the Arab lateen sail with European square sail to create the agile and fast ships Columbus would use on his journeys. Vasco da Hama lso used the caravel to sail around the Cape of Good Hope and to the West Indian coast city of Calicut by 1498 |
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| What demographic effects did the Atlantic Slave Trade have on west African societies? |
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Definition
| Mostly young men were taken for slave labor on plantations in the Americas, so some areas of West Africa became unbalanced with more young women than men. Overall, population size stayed about the same in West African societies from 1500 to 1800, when the Atlantic Slave Trade was forcibly abolished by the British navy. |
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| What demographic effects did the introduction of American foods have on Eurasia? |
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Definition
| Eurasia experience dramatic population increases in urbanized economies due to the cultivation of maize and potatoes on surplus land with poor soil conditions. |
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Term
| What were teh effects of guns and cannons on imperial militaries? |
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Definition
| The development of cannons enabled the three Muslim empires of Ottomans, Safivids, and Mughals to dominate their respective territories. The European innovations in gun design and mass manufacture of firearms spread the use of the weapons to West Africa, the Americas, and Japan. The European innovatgion of placing cannons on ships gave them an advantage in dominating trade in the Indian Ocean. |
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| What was manumission in the Muslim world? |
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Definition
| The act of freeing a slave. The emphasis on the spiritual rewards for the charitable act of manumitting slaves under Islamic law created a large population of freed slaves in the Islamic world, but also increased demand for slaves, especially from Africa, for household work. |
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| Give three examples of coerced labor systems in the Americas |
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Definition
| The Spanish ecomienda, repartimeineto, and mita systems forced Amerindians into low paid or unpaid labor, Under this system, 1/7th of adu males Amerindians were compelled to work for six months each year in mines, on farms, or in textile factories. |
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Term
| Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz |
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Definition
| A 17th century poet and early feminist, Sor Juana became a nun in colonial Mexico ( New Spain) as it was the only way she could pursue reading, studying, and writing. Her poetry covers many themes, but her views on the rights of women to educaiton and contributions to culture were unique. She made use of the Bible and classical mythology to demonstrate her ideas. |
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| What economic role did women play in the period 1450-1750 |
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Definition
| Women invested in trading ventures and many women in Southeast Asia, West Africa, urban Europe, and the Caribbean ran market stalls in towns and citites. Many women throughout the world were allowed to sell their surplus individual production in amrkets on Sundays. Southeast Asian women traditionally managed the spice markets that drew merchants from all over Asia and Europe. |
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| Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed wtih firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from teh 15th century until the corps was abolished in 1826. The devshrime system requried Christian communitites in the Balkans and eastern Europe to send their sons to be slaves for the sultan |
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| Most peasants in the western part of Russia were tied to the land owned by nobles, the czar, or monasteries tha their ancestors had farmed for generations. Although they owed labor and fee obligations to the lords on whose land they worked, Russian serfs had some ability to lcoate themselves in other areas for marriage or better opportunitites. |
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| Islamic concept of a protected people in the Ottoman and Mughal empires. Religious minority groups had to opay higher taxes than followers of Islam but had the freedom to practice their religions and the responsibility to run their own courts. The collection of taxes and care for their own poor made the dhimmi self-governing communitites within these Muslim empires. |
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| Effects of Protestantism on gender roles |
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Definition
| the major goal of Protestant leaders was to create a direct relationship between believers and God. part of the Protestant program involved promoting literacy for both men adn women, so they could read the bible. These religious changes also promoted greater concentration on family life. |
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| Explain the role of indentured labor in the Americas |
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Definition
| The plantation system in the Americas based its profits on cheap labor. One type of labor source was the lower classes in Europe: the unemployed, orphans, political prisoners, and criminals. Colonial plantation owners and craftspeoople would pay the passage of Europeans and then conteract a set of term usually of four to seven years of their labor |
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| Peninsulares were people born on the Iberian Peninsula who came to the Americas as colonial officials, merchants, artisans, miners, preists, lawyers, and judges. They dominated colonial society in early Spanish Empire in the Americas. The childrne of the peninsulares born in the Americas sbecame known as creoles |
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| people of the Russian Empire who lived outisde farming vilalges, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. They undertook their own campagins of expansion in the steppe lands to tehs outh of Moscow, took over the Volga River valley, and then were recruited by Czar Ivan III to cross the Ural Mountains in order to extend Russian imperial claims to Siberia in the 16th and 17th centuries |
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| After the pandemic of bubonic plague subsided in teh 15th century, there was a period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a rebirth of Greco-Roman culture, in the TIalian city states and a century later in the Netherlands. The Renaissance marked a shift from spiritual to secular values for a small group of European intellectuals and artists |
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| To pay for new consitution projects like the renovation of Saint Peter's Basilica and projects relating to the Sistene Chapel in Rome, Pope Leo X expanded the selling of indulgences, the forgiveness of punishment due for past sins granted by the Catholic Church authoritites. A few Catholic monks and priests objected, and their negative reaction to these corrupt practices led to the Protestant Reformation. |
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| A Roman Catholic monk and university professor who, in 1517, posted his desire to debate his fellow churchmen on the corruption he saw in the Roman Catholic Church (mainly the selling of indulgences). When Luther refuesed to recant his views about the ability of the individual Christian to have a direct relationship with God, the Catholic Church excommunicated him. |
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| The creator of the idea of predestination. John Calvin inspired the formation of Protestant groups in the Netherlands, great Britian, and France. As dissenters in great Britian, Calvinaists, known as Puritans, led a revolution in 1642 against King Charles I and provided a leader, Oliver Cromwell, who ruled a bried republic in England as dictator. Puritians later established colonial settlements in North America. |
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| The Catholic Church's attempt to reform the abuses and corruption in the Church and stop the Protestant Reformation. The education of priests became stricter; bishops were required to live in the are for which they were given responsibility; new religious orders, including the Jesuits and the Carmelites, were established; and strict morality for all authorities was enforced. |
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| What two famous colonies did Calvinists create in the North America and South Africa? |
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| Pilgrims, a group of English Calvinists (Puritians), established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands. in 1652, the Dutch east India Company assisted teh settlement of Calvinist farmers called Boers into South Africa |
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| The 17th century intellectual movement in Europe, intially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, which laid the groundwork fro modern sceicne with the scientific method developed by francis Bacon. Many of the new understandings of the world went counter to the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church |
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| A philosophiocal movement in 18th century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were jsut as scientific as the lawas of nature discovered in the Scientific Revolution. Most of the prominent philosophers of the Enlightment began their work in France. |
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| English poltical theoriest who wrote Two Treatises on Government to expound his ideas on natural rights: every man is born with the natural rights, it is the duty of governemtns to protect those rights, and if a government does not fulfill its duty to the people, then the people have the right to overthrow the governemtn. Locke's ideas greatly influenced revolutionary colonists in the New World. |
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| The demands of society corrupted the free state of men according to the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau. In his 1762 book The Social Contract, Rousseau asserted that the will of the people was sacred and that the legitimacy of the monarch depdned on the consent of the people. |
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| European thinkers in teh 1700s who were committed to discovering and sharing their scientific understanding of human society. Among them, Frenchman Denis Diderot published a series of encylopedias. Included among the new ideas about the natural world were items about Chinese inventions and philosophies that inspired Voltaire. |
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| African contributions to the cultures in the Americas |
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Definition
| African slaves introdced vocabulary from the wide variety of their own languages into the English, French, Spanish, Dutch, and Portuguese used in the Americas. Africans also combined aspects of the Christianity pracited by their masters with beliefs and practices of the Christianity, Islam, or animist traditions they practiced in their homelands. |
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| Although members of the merchant class in Tokugawa Japan were scorned and wielded no official political power, they created a vibrant urban culture known as ukiyo, the "floating world". THe merchants used the wealth they accured by lending money to the warrior caste and to support kabuki theater, buy woodblock prints, be entertained by geishas, and build elaborate tea houses. |
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| Mughal Art and Architecture |
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Definition
| Mughal culture in India was the product of Persian-Islamic and Hindu influences, and Mughal architecture refelcted this blend. The Taj Mahal, the most famous example of mughal architecture, was built as a mausoleum for Shah Jahan's wife after her death in childbirth in 1631 |
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| What purpose did coffeehouses serve? |
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Definition
| Coffeehouses orginated in Muslim lands in the 16th century as places for men to meet socially. in the 17th century Europe, coffeehouses were arenas of intense philosophical debate, and by the 18th century were the centers of poltiical agitiation and places where news of the revolutions could be gained. |
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| Vesting all authority into a single monarch who ignored feudal rights of nobility or the Catholic Church. ex) the French king Louis XIV avoided calling the Estates General, the French legislature, into session. Instead, he requried that nobles spend time at his palace, Versailles, for parties and other social events, to diver them from having any political power |
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| In 1493, on the return of Columbus from his first voyage to the New World, Pope Alexander VI mediated a treaty between the monarchs of Spain and Portugal that divided the world between them. The Portugal crown claimed all of the lands east of the imaginary line running down the middle of the Atlanic Ocean, adn the Spanish calimed all of the land west of the line. |
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| A system of monopoly commerce and naval protection for the convoys of ships passing across the Atlanic and Pacific oceans first insituted by the Spanish and Portuguese monarchs. The convoys slowed down the pace of trade and kept the prices of European goods high. |
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| Osman, a Turkic-speaking Muslim warrior, founded his empire in northwestern Anatolia in 1300. In 1543, the Ottomans overthrew the Byzantine Emprie and renamed the capital Istanbul. In the 18th century, the empire included the Middle east, North Africa, the Caucasus, eastern Europe, adn teh Balkans. By 1922, it had ceased to be a presence on the world stage. |
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| In 1523, Zahir al-Din Muhammad, known as babur, a Turk who used artillery and firearms to conquer northern India and establish the Mughal Empire, exercising dominion over most of the Indian subcontinent in the 16th and 17th centuries |
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| A Spanish conuistador, Hernan COrtes used a bomination of techniques to overthrow the Aztec Empire. he made military alliances wtih enemies of the Aztecs, terrorized the Mexica with horses, large dogs, and muskets, and benefited from his uncanny resemblence to the Aztec god, Quetzalcoatl. |
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| European monarchs gave charters of monoplies to groups of investors who jointly held the risk and profits of buying spices in Asia. Ex) in 1600 Queen Elizabeth I inssued a charter to the British East India Company, who possessed its own armed forces. Often, these companies woudl sonpsor colonization efforts in order to fully establish their business in uncahrted territory. |
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| Queen of Ndongo, an Angolan kingdom (1623-1663) that maintained its independence from the Portuguese. she is famous for having one of her female courtiers bend herself into a seat so she could sit equally when negotiating a trade treaty with teh Portuguese colonial governor of neighboring Luanda |
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| The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman empire. Known for the law codes he established and for expanding the empire int oteh Balkans, eastern Mediterranean, and Middle east. In 1529, Suleiman laid siege to the Habsburg Empire based in Vienna. He also expanded the Ottoman navy. |
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| Sultan of the Mughal Empire who expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. Akbar drew most of his officials fro mteh Rajputs, the Hindu warrior caste from northwest, and married a Rajput princess. Akbar's interest in all relgiions made him stand out from his less tolerant predecessors and heirs |
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| What changes in Japanese feudalism occured during the Tokugawa era? |
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Definition
| The military govenremtn of the shogun, made up of lrods from indivual territories, controlled the political affairs in the Japanese feudal governemtn. In the late 16th century, however, a new shogun, Tokugawa Ieyasu, unified most of the lords under his administrative control and required that the lords live for six months in his capital, Edo. In this way, Tokugawa was able to control the lords. |
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| Russian czar from 16890 to 1725. Peter the great enthusiastically introduced Western languages, clothing, and dining customs to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscwo to the new city of St. Petersburg on the Baltic Sea. |
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| Insitution organized in 1478 by Fernando and Isabel of Spain to hunt out heretical or ocntrary opinions. Subjects of persectuion inclued Protestants, Jews, Muslims, and women accused of being witches. |
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| Kingdom of maroons (runaway slaves) with a population of 8,000 to 10,000 people. Located in Brazil during the 17th century with ANgolan leadership. The maroon kingdoms were self- sufficient but chose to conduct trade with the Portuguese |
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| What was the Edict of Nantes? |
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Definition
| Decreed by French King Henry IV in 1598, it granted Huguenots limited political freedoms and the freedoms of worhsip and brought temporary civilian peace. The edict was very unpopular in France among Catholics, and was revoked by Louis XIV in 1685, leading to massive emigration of French Huguenots |
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| Who was Cardinal Richelieu? |
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Definition
| Chief minister to Henry IV's weak son, King Louis XIII of France. He worked to establish absolute rule by weakening the nobles and Huguenots and consolidating the power of the crown. Richelieu was also very powerful withing the Catholic Church. Richelieu was a major supporter of the arts and founded academie Francaise. |
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