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- First Human Ancestors
- Human evolution evidence
- Cerca 40-15 million years ago |
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- "wise man" or "knowing man"
- family Hominidae (the great apes)
- the transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens occurred approximately 300,000 to 400,000 years ago. |
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| Paleolithic Era - Economy |
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- "Old Stone Age"
- simple tools made from wood and stone
- Hunter-gatherers
- Downfall caused by Neolithic Revolution |
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| Paleolithic Era - Society |
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- Lived in small nomadic tribes
- Men were usually the hunters
- Women probably stayed at home and took care of the family as well as gathered plants and prepared food
- downfall caused by Neolithic Revolution |
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- "New Stone Age
- Transition from Paleolithic Era circa (ca.) 9000 B.C
- invention of agriculture
- tribes no longer required to be nomadic |
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- Tribes were no longer required to be nomadic Hunter-gatherers
- Agriculture allowed people to attain surplus amounts of food without search
- Tribe populations swelled due to adequate food supply
- Use of tools and domestic animals |
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- movement of peoples across Africa
- root language
- 3000 BCE - 500 BCE |
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- ended stone age and people began to work metal(easier to form and it stays that way; stronger than stone)
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- ruled by city-states
- located in the fertile crescent
- location of first written language |
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- Upper and Lower Nile
- inhabitants relied on seasonal flooding of the Nile for fertilization
- major impact on Egypt |
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- Code set in place to control behavior
- was very strict
- frequently used the death penalty |
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- Society dominated by males
- Majority of civilzations followed this method
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- Sumerians invented the first writing system called Cuniform
- Egyptians used hieroglyphics
- many languages from this time period are closely related |
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- history documented in the Bible
- Jewish
- Were promised land from God (Israel) |
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- Inventors of the modern alphabet
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- Four main varnas or classes
- Varnas were originally formed around skin color
- Occupation determined jati (subcaste)
- major impact on Hindu society |
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- a collection of hymns, songs, prayers and rituals honoring various Aryan gods
- 4 Vedas; most important being the Rig Veda (compiled 1400-900 B.C.E.)
- Reveals a great deal about early Aryan society |
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| Yellow River civilization - Xia Dynasty |
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- Huang He means Yellow River, this is because of the loose, light colored loess soil that is picked up through the river's current
- 1st dynasty (although legendary)
- Legendary founder, Yu, initiated flood-control projects, organized large-scale public works and set up formal government |
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- Earliest recorded dynasty
- rise and success based on technology, especially bronze
- well-armed military helped with expansion into northeast China
- practiced veneration of ancestors
- extensive and lavish tombs for emperors |
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| - Allied with the Shang dynasty and adopted customs and culture, then overthrew the Shang king
- All power and loyalty transferred to Zhou dynasty
- Mandate of Heaven
Most writings lost, but preserved early Zhou literature |
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- events on earth and in heaven are directly connected
- Power to rule comes from Heaven
- 1st used by Zhou dynasty
Relates to European divine right |
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- Time of disunity for China
- Leagalism helped the state of Qin gain control and unify China
- Development of Confucianism, Legalism and Daoism |
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- means "rubber people"
- Major centers were: San Lorenzo, La Venta, Tres Zapotes in Central America
- Adequate rainfall allowed for the construction of drainage systems
- irrigation systems led to abundant harvests
- Famous sculptures: Giant Human Heads |
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| Achmemenid Administration |
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| Society in Classical Persia |
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| Governments in Classical Persia |
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- Sophisticated government led to new class of educated bureaucrats who played an important role in the daily affairs of the empire
- state owned slaves were a source of labor for projects
- bureaucracy introduced |
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| Economics of Classical Persia |
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- Lived during Warring States period and sought to restor order
- disagreed with the government
- educator and political advisor
- his students recorded his teachings in the |
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- religion or philosophy created by Confucius
- had a great effect on China's government
- later recognized as the official religion of China |
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- The philosophy or religion created by Dao
- The "Lazy Man's Religion"
- Places emphasis on observing nature, relaxation |
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- The religion adopted by many states in China during the Warring States period
- placed emphasis on military control
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- Flourished in late 320s B.C.E.
- Ashoka (ruled 268-232 B.C.E.)
- Ashoka built irrigation systems for agriculture, constructed roads for trade and travel and he supported Buddhism |
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| - Language combined Greek and Minoan
- Built impressive stone fortresses and palaces
- Conflict with Troy is recorded in the by Homer |
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- Greek word meaning city
- Levied taxes
- became center of trade |
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| - Military Greek city-state |
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- Supplied Greeks with grain, timber and natural resources in exchange for olives, wine and finished products
- Alexander led an army of appx. 37,000 to invade the Persian Empire
- 331 BCE, controlled Ionia, Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and Mesopotamia |
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- Pan-Hellenic festivals
- Trade between Greek polis fostered a stronger sense of community and shared traditions (gods, languages, games)
- Winners recieved olive wreaths at the games and hero status at home |
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| Greek Philosophy - Socrates |
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- teaching through questions
- stressed integrity
- died 399 BCE forced to drink hemlock |
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| Greek Philosophy - Aristotle |
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- student of Socrates
- teacher of Plato
- father of modern rocketry |
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| Rome: From Republic to Empire |
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- originated with Ceasar
- 1st actual emperor was Augustus Ceasar
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- member of the First Triumvirate
- became an unofficial emperor
- murdered by Brutus and Cassius on the Ides of March |
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| Expansion of the Roman Empire |
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- deep beds, edged with curbs, promoted drainage, large flat paving stones
- Milestones along the road to facillitate the imperial postal system
- Linked with the Silk Roads to help with trade between Rome and the Far East |
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- was very strict
- written in Latin
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| Trade in the Mediterranean |
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- Sea supported trade between ports from Syria and Palestine to Spain and N. Africa
- Roman army and navy controlled the seas and kept them safe for trade (mare nostrum: our sea)
- Merchants were also responsible for promoting a sense of community throughout the empire |
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- Major teachings: devotion to God and love for fellow man
- His message threatened Rome because it divided allegiances
- After crucifixion, devotion grew rapidly; called the Christ (annointed one) |
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- Christians would not worship false Gods of the Roman Republic
- Worshiped a single God (monotheistic)
- appealed to the lower classes |
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- a series of roads and trails between China and western countries
- promoted trade of chinese silk for western goods such as olives
- hard to follow unless you had a guide |
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- due to internal turmoil and barbarian attacks
- succeeded by the Byzantine Empire
- Large gap between classes |
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- contributed to the fall of Rome
- one group, the Vandals were especially destructive (where the word vandalism comes from
- spoke a different language |
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- Supportive of Christianity
- Roman Empire under a new name
- had an emperor, not republic |
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- law set by Emperor Justinian of the Byzantine Empire
- written code/law
- placed in public places so people could be notified |
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| Byzantine Economy and Society |
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- Lower Danube region was the breadbasket of the empire
- Hagia Sophia (church, later mosque)
- Trade was important because of location |
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| Legacy of Classical Greece |
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- Greek replaced Latin as the unofficial language of the Byzantine Empire
- Byzantine scholars, like Greek, focused on literature, history and philosophy
- Byzantine preservation of Greek culture was transmitted back to Western Europe during the Crusades |
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| Fall of the Byzantine Empire |
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- Russia created several trading centers
- Byzantine influences included the Cryllic alphabet, writing, codified laws, art and architecture
- Center of Orthodox Christianity (this shifts Northward) |
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- Specialized labor and efficient means of transportation encouraged trade as early as 3500 BCE
- Sumerians traded regularly with the Harappan society by 2300 BCE
- Egyptian pharoahs imported cedar as a sign of wealth for tombs |
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| Spread of Epidemic Diseases |
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- most common in urbanized areas where people were more crowded
- spread by several mediums (air, fleas...)
- most common in unsanitary conditions |
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