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AP Winter Vocab
English Terms
60
English
11th Grade
01/08/2011

Additional English Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Polysyndeton
Definition

the use of a number of conjunctions in close succession

Ex: he ran and jumped and laughed for joy

Sig: To emphasize all parts of a sentece

Term
Coordinating Conjunctions
Definition

-a conjunction that connects two grammatical elements of identical construction

-John and mark

-allows for the integration of multiple elements in a sentence

Term
Subordinating Conjunction
Definition

-a conjunction introducing a subordinate clause

-They were glad when I finished.

-allow a writer to show which idea is more and which is less important

Term
Dependent Clause
Definition

-A caluse that doess not stand alone as a sentence, but depends on another clause to complete its meaning,  also known as subordinate clauses

-When i finish this homework, I will be very happy.

-Allow the writer to stress more importance or less on diferent ideas

Term
Independent Clause
Definition

-A clause that can stnad alone as a sentence

-"Age is strictly a case of mind over matter. If you don't mind, it doesn't matter" (Jack Benny)

-allows the writer to create more complex sentences.

Term
Chronological Order
Definition

- a sequence according to time of ocurrence

-I woke up, took a shower and left my house.

Term
Spatial Order
Definition

-method of description that begins at one geographical point and moves onward in an orderly fashion. Arranged according to their physical position or relationships.

-Describing a room, I might start with what I see as I enter the door, then what I see as I step to the middle of the room, and finally the far side. Description, examples & illustrations

-Allows for organization

Term
Cause and Effect Order
Definition

-order given in sequence od cause and effect

-It started to rain, I took my umbrella out, the wind came and blew it away, so I got wet.

-Allows for organization

Term
Humor
Definition

-device used to create a feeling to the exposed one, comical writing or talk in general.

-"To be in love is merely to be in a state of perceptual anesthesia." - H.L. Mencken

-adds diversity to writing and in times allows the writer to make a point more easily

Term
Satire
Definition
-the use of irony, sarcasm, ridicule, or the like, in exposing, denouncing, or deriding vice, folly, etc.
-"The best way to waste your life, ... is by taking notes. The easiest way to avoid living is to just watch. Look for the details. Report. Don't participate." Chuck Palahniuk
-adds variety to writing and can help prove point

 

Term
Tone
Definition

-quality or character of sound

-Sharp, Restrained, Compassionate are all tonal words used to describe writing, speechs, arguments, etc.

-set feeling and direction in an argument

Term
Eulogy
Definition

-a speech or writing in praise of a person or thing, esp. a set oration in honor of a deceased person.

-Death may be the greatest of all human blessings. (Socrates)

-another form of writing with added diversity that enables the speaker to express their point towards something

Term
Farce
Definition

-a light, humorous play in which the plot depends upon a skillfully exploited situation rather than upon the development of character.

-William Shakespeare: The Comedy od Errors (ca1592), The Big Bang Theory 

-another form of writing with added diversity that enables the speaker to express their point towards something

Term
Lampoon
Definition
-a sharp, often virulent satire directed against an individual or institution; a work of literature, art, or the like, ridiculing severely the character or behavior of a person, society, etc.
-Jed Babbin: "Going to war without the French is like going deer hunting without your accordion."
-another form of writing with added diversity that enables the speaker to express their point towards something
Term
Anadiplosis
Definition
-repetition in the first part of a clause or sentence of a prominent word from the latter part of the preceding clause or sentence, usually with a change or extension of meaning.

-"Fear is the path to the dark side. Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering. I sense much fear in you." Frank Oz as Yoda in Star Wars the Phantom Menace

-Diversity in writing and another form of expression



Term
Metonymy
Definition

-a figure of speech that consists of the use of the name of one object or concept for that of another to which it is related, or of which it is a part

-count heads (count people)

-another form of explression in writing


Term
Syllogism
Definition

-logic, a=b, a=c, then b=c, a deductive inference of certain other forms with two premises, such as the hypothetical syllogism

-a=b, a=c, then b=c

-form of logic, allows for greater understanding and reasoning


Term
zuegma
Definition

-the use of a word to modify or govern two or more words when it is appropriate to only one of them or is appropriate to each but in a different way.

-On his fishing trip, he caught three trout and a cold.

-shows relationships between ideas or actions more clearly

Term
rhetorical triangle
Definition

-Context base on a Topic/Message that appeals to logic, in which the Speaker/Writer uses ethos appeals and inturn affects the emotional appeals of an Audience/Readers

-an argument containing complete logos, ethos and pathos appeals

- creates a well established argument

Term
Invention
Definition

-one of the five steps in speech preparation, the process of choosing ideas appropriate to the subject, audience, and occasion.

-creative and innovative idea

-organizes the steps to form an argument and all its parts along with it.

Term
Arrangement
Definition

-one of the five steps in speech preperation, the manner in which things are arranged

-organization of ideas

-organizes the areas from which speechs are created

Term
Style
Definition

-one of the five steps taken to build a speech, a particular kind, sort, or type, as with reference to form, appearance, or character

-type of writing, terms used, diction, etc.

-another part which enables the construction of speeches

Term
Memory
Definition

-the step in the classical preparation of a speech in which the wording is memorized.

-any speech given by memorization

-another part which enables the construction of speeches

Term
Delivery
Definition

-the step of speech construction in rhetoric in which the argument is released or displayed

-any speech given

-another part which enables the construction of speeches

Term
Personification
Definition

-the attribution of a personal nature or character to inanimate objects or abstract notions

-the cars ran across the road, fast and agressively turning to reach the goal.

-for use of creative artistic writing

Term
Prolepsis
Definition

-the anticipation of possible objections in order to answer them in advance.

-character who is about to die might be described as "the dead man" before he is actually dead. In a movie it would be a flashfoward.

-figure of speech that adds to the diverse language of rhetoric

Term
Definition
Definition

-act of defining or making definite

-any of the past vocab cards in which a word is defined by meaning and significance

-allows for organization and understanding

Term
Diction
Definition

-words used by an author or speaker

-prose or poetry

-gives taste in writing

Term
Detail
Definition

-any small section of a larger structure or whole, considered as a unit

-in the scalp of a man a white hair.

-give spice to writing

 

Term
classification structure
Definition

-to arrange or organize classes in a form of construction

-the food pyramid

-allows for better organization

 

Term
Division structure
Definition

-organization set by differences

-food pyramid

-allows for greater organization and understanding

Term
Degree of Intensity structure
Definition

-organization by the most ocurring or constant event or idea

-temperature average in a week

-allows for better organization

Term
compare and contrast structure
Definition

-structure of organization given through similarities and diferences

-a venn diagram

-allows for organization and better understanding

Term
allusion
Definition

-a passing or casual reference; an incidental mention of something, either directly or by implication, often mentioning the works of others.

-In the simpsons show, allusions are common by mentioning movies, music, literature etc.

-form of rhetorical aesthetics which gives color to speech or writing etc.

Term
imagery
Definition

-the formation of mental images, figures, or likenesses of things, or of such images collectively.
-The stars shined brightly over the red darkening desert.
-gives aesthetics to writing
Term
sensory language
Definition

-language pertaining to one or more of the 5 senses

-The house was filled with the smell of popcorn and nacho cheese.

-aesthetics into writing along with flavor

Term
Toulmin argument
Definition

-form of argument composed of diferent parts by Stephen Toulmin

-Claim, Qualifier, Good Reasons, Warrants, Backing, Evidence, Authority, Conditions of Rebuttal, Response.

-gives an outline of what good composed arguments should look like

Term
Classical argument
Definition

-system of organization to build an argument

-Intruduction, background, Lines of Argument, Alternative arguments, Conclusion

-gives an outline of what good composed arguments should look like

Term
Rogerian Argument
Definition

-argument based upon the final goal of finding a common ground between two opposing sides

-Dad gives half of the food to one son and the other half to the other.

-gives an outline of what arguments should look like

Term
discourse style
Definition

-written or spoken communication or debate

-Winston Churchill's speech to the House of Commons of the Parliment of the United Kingdom

-style of speech

Term
Enthymeme
Definition

-informally-stated syllogism which omits either one of the premises or the conclusion

-Ed is allergic to foods containing monosodium glutamate, so he cannot eat Chinese food seasoned with it.

-slightly understating yet clearly pointing out some assertion

Term
Sythesis Essay
Definition

-brief text that is intended to explore a specific subject or concept through the examination of multiple ideas on that topic.

-any essay that fit the definition above

-gives another format of essay

Term
warrant
Definition

-part of toulmin argument as well as other types of argument, logical and persuasive connection between a claim and the reasons and the data supporting it

-NASA should launch a human expedition to Mars because Americanse need a unifying national goal. What unifies a nation ought to be a national priority.

-adds to the complexity of Toulmin argument

 

Term
Backing
Definition

-part of Toulmin argumnet, evidence necessary to support warrant, containing all 3 forms of appeals

- In respect to the previous card (warrant vocab card). On a personal level, Americans want to be part of something bigger than themselves.

-adds to the complexity of Toulmin arguments

Term
Claim
Definition

-a statement, one of the parts of Toulmin argument

-NASA should launch a human expedition to Mars because Americanse need a unifying national goal.

-gives the main idea of what the argument is about

Term
Reason (major point)
Definition

-major points in Toulmin argument from the claim

-The american people are politically divided along lines of race, ethnicity, religion, gender, and class.

-adds to the complexity of Toulmin argument

Term
elaboration
Definition

-act or instance of elaborating, part of Toulmin argument

-part of evidence and authority

-adds to complexity of toulmin

Term
reasoning
Definition

-a statement presented in justification or explanation of a belief or action.
-We need to go, because we are going to be late.
-sets an organized form o argument
Term
call to action
Definition

-part of argument in which the speaker suggests the audience to a stand in the argument and in times, to do something

-Go online and get your new free one month trial of netflix now.

-gives an alternative to audience

Term
persuasion
Definition

-to induce to believe by appealing to reason or understanding; convince

-Give me your money and I will invest it and in three years it will be doubled

-form of argument in which the speaker ties to turn the audience to his/her own side

Term
argument
Definition

-an oral disagreement; verbal opposition; contention; altercation, a statement, reason, or fact for or against a point

-two kids fighting for a hotwheels car.

-central motive of everyday life, everything is an argument

Term
conditions of rebuttal
Definition

-claims which the other side might use in an argument to attck your won

-In a claim: The federal government should ban smoking, the conditions of rebuttal would be that smokers have rights too.

-another part of toulmin that adds to the well establishment of an argument

Term
response
Definition

-answer or response as in words or actions

-hey whats up.

-the reaction of audience

 

Term
visual argument
Definition

-argument in form of a painting, picture, object, etc

-any photo that shows an argument, the american flag

-another of the many forms of argument

Term
OPTIC
Definition

-method usedto define the argument and its parts in a visual argument

-steps taken to define the argument of the american flag

-allows for the understanding of visual arguments

Term
TAGTAP
Definition

-steps used to understand the parts of a text

-Title, author, genre, tone, audience, purpose

-allows for the understanding of writing

Term
Tonal shift
Definition

- a shift in tone

-The girl was beautiful but when she was mad she turned into an angry witch.

-gives aesthetic value to speech and writing, etc.

Term
contrasting tone
Definition

-tone that differs from a previous one in turn of a tonal shift

-The girl was beautiful but once she was mad she turned into an ugly witch.

-gives aesthetic and argument into writing

Term
american discourse style
Definition

-linear form of discource style in which the claim is stated at the begining and at the end

-the claim, evidence, elaboration, conclusion and claim

-just another form of discourse

Term
romantic discourse style
Definition

-style used most common with romance languages in which the speaker goes on and on displaying the aesthetics of something, many times nature

-claim, evidence, elaboration, elaboration,

-another form of discourse style

 

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