Term
| The Columbian Exchange (effects of) |
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Definition
| The Columbian Exchange was the flow of goods and people between the two hemispheres. Its most significant impacts included virgin soil epidemics, or disease brought by the Europeans, which killed millions of natives. |
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Term
| Early exploration, conquest, and settlement: France |
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Definition
| France established friendly trade with the Native Americans, trading furs. Encouraged conversion to Catholicism. |
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Term
| Early exploration, conquest, and settlement: England |
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Definition
| England took substantial amounts of land from the Native Americans, and was generally economically driven, with funding from private businesses and corporations. Traded timber, fish, tobacco, and agricultural products. |
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Term
| Early exploration, conquest, and settlement: Spain |
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Definition
| Spain conquered the native people militarily, and forced them into slavery. Centered around Mexico, and built the world's first university. |
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Term
| When and why the English came |
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Definition
| Reasons for leaving for the "new world" included avoiding religious prosecution, and escaping a peasant's life of poverty. |
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Term
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Definition
Synonymous with "Pilgrims", the Puritans were Protestants that tried to purify the church.
Notable Puritans:
Martin Luther
John Calvin
John Winthrop
Anne Hutchinson |
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Term
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Definition
| Settled in Pennsylvania first. Moved to avoid religious prosecution in Europe. |
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Term
| Chesapeake characteristics |
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Definition
Virginia and Maryland. Dominated by the Virginia Company, and was led by Calvert. Settled for agricultural profits. Predominantly young, single, Anglican men.
Notable events: Bacon's Rebellion |
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Term
| New England characteristics |
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Definition
| Massachusetts, Connecticut, Main, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Church oriented Puritans, often settled in large families. Agriculture based, very few indentured servants/slaves. Paid workers! |
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Term
| Middle Colonies characteristics |
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Definition
Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey and Delaware. Quaker society, tolerant! Least native conflict.
Notable events: Paxton Boys |
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Term
| The Carolinas and Georgia characteristics |
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Definition
| Concentrated around production of tobacco, sugar, rice, and indigo. Less religious, with many slaves. Home to criminals! |
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Term
| Mercantilism/Navigation Acts |
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Definition
Mercantilism was the theory that the government should regulate the economy.
Navigation Acts ensured that the colonies could ONLY trade to England, the mother country. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uprising of indentured servants. Burned down Jamestown. Government reformed, shifted from indentured servants to slaves. |
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Term
| The Enlightenment vs. The Great Awakening |
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Definition
Enlightenment:
Educated elites. Scientists that were deists (believing that God was a clockmaker, sitting back and watching his work but not interfering).
Jefferson, Franklin, Paine
Great Awakening:
Awakened religious passion in the common folks. Evangelical Protestants.
Edwards and Whitefield |
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Term
| Jonathan Edward's Sinners in the Hands... |
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Definition
| Speech portraying man as a "loathsome insect", and that every human deserved to burn in hell. Only pleading for divine grace will save you. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collection of wise sayings and pieces of advice, such as "Don't put your eggs in one basket". The collection of his Proverbs was called Poor Richard's Almanac. |
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Term
| Significance of the Seven Years War (French and Indian) |
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Definition
| France and England squabbling over the Ohio River Valley. France was aided by the Indians, England was aided by the American Colonists. England wins! |
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Term
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Definition
| The Middle Passage was the transport of slaves between Africa and Brazil, the West Indies, and America. Banned in 1808. |
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Term
| Indentured Servants (Mittelberger) |
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Definition
| Indentured servants would trade unpaid work for up to seven years in return for a trip from Europe to America. |
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Term
| Franklin's Albany Plan of Union |
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Definition
| Franklin suggested representatives from each colony to discuss taxes, Indian relations, and common defense. Recall his snake cartoon! Britain says no, not wanting the colonies to have power. |
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Term
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Definition
| After the French and Indian war, Britain has to deal with massive debt and the unemployment issue. As a result, they pass multiple "acts" to attempt to counteract these issues. England raises taxes and draws the Proclamation Line. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Proclamation Line was passed right after the French and Indian war, which made it impossible for any American colonists to expand west into the new territory in Ohio that they had won, and could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. This was to avoid conflict with the Native Americans that already lived in that land. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Stamp Act put a tax on everything made of paper for the American colonists. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Boston Tea Party was a reaction to the Tea Act, where the Sons of Liberty dressed as Indians and dumped tea into the Boston harbor. |
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Term
| Coercive/Intolerable Acts |
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Definition
| The Intolerable Acts forced American colonists to house British soldiers, also known as the Quartering Act. It also closed the port of Boston. |
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Term
| Thomas Paine's Common Sense |
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Definition
| This document was well known and widely spread, and called for American revolution and independence from Britain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Series of boycotts that led to a repeal of the Stamp Act. |
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Term
| John and Abigail Adams Letters |
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Definition
| "Remember the ladies." Abigail writing to her husband, asking him to include women and consider them while writing the Declaration of Independence. |
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Term
| Declaration of Independence |
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Definition
| Written mostly by Jefferson. Document talking about the injustices of the King towards the American colonies, and declared the United States as an independent nation. |
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Term
| Critical importance of the French alliance |
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Definition
| France wants revenge on Britain for the Seven Years' War, so they team up with America, and conclude the Treaty of Amity and Commerce. This led to France lending America military assistance against the British during the American Revolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| The social theory that women should stay home and raise good little patriots and good citizens/soldiers. |
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Term
| Effects of the Treaty of Paris [1783] |
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Definition
| The Treaty of Paris (the FIRST one) caused the American Delegation (Adams, Franklin, and John Jay) to recognize US dependence and gained all the land between Canada and Florida, and to the west of the Mississippi River. |
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Term
| Articles of Confederation: Strengths |
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Definition
| "A firm league of friendship", Northwest Ordinances (public education/no slavery), the government could only: declare war, make treaties, settle disputes between states, and borrow money. |
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Term
| Articles of Confederation: Weaknesses |
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Definition
| A one house congress with NO financial abilities. No power to raise taxes, troops, or regulate commerce. |
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Term
| Significance of Shay's Rebellion |
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Definition
| Shay rebells against jailing farmers who could not pay off their debts by closing the courts of W. Massachusetts. Shay led an army of farmers and marched to Boston, and John Adams had to hire a private army to stop them. Indicated need for stronger central government. |
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Term
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Definition
| Jefferson splits Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio into little squares. Establishes public education and made slavery illegal. |
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Term
| Constitutional Convention of 1787 |
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Definition
| Representatives of 12 different colonies reviewed and revised the Articles of Confederation to produce the Constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Created a two house legislature. The Senate and the House of Representatives with population determining the representatives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enacted Madison's Virginia Plan, with a two house legislature with the Senate for 6 years, and the House of Representatives for 2 years. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gave Southern states more power by allowing them to to count 3/5 of their slave population in determining the number of representatives in the House. |
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Term
| Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists |
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Definition
The federalists supported big, central government, did not believe in state power. Respected property and the rights of individuals.
The anti-federalists saw no need for a strong, central government, and didn't want any government interference. Empowered the "common people" |
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Term
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Definition
| Ten constitutional amendments in 1791. Stopped abuse of authority and stated the "unalienable" rights. |
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Term
| Hamiltonians vs. Jeffersonians |
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Definition
Hamiltonians were believers in big government to promote economic stability, and supported large manufacturing and commerce. National Republicans.
Jeffersonians were Democratic Republicans, believing in states' rights and small sustainable living. |
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Term
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Definition
| National economy is needed for national security. |
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Term
| Assumption of States Debts |
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Definition
| Theory adopted by the federal government to loan money to the states, and to pay off their debts. This was in order to encourage a feeling of loyalty and gratitude to the federal government. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hamilton's idea of issuing notes as currency, modeled after Great Britain's. National financial agent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tax placed on national goods to encourage domestic spending, help small businesses, and boost the economy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tax on selling whiskey, which singled out farmers and done pissed em off. |
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Term
| Proclamation of Neutrality |
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Definition
George Washington refused to be associated with a political party.
"Avoid entangling alliances".
Actually that quote was not related to the Proclamation of Neutrality, but Washington said it, so |
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Term
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Definition
| Attempt to make peace with the French. John Jays goes to visit, and gets kicked around by the French. |
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Term
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Definition
| Farmers rising up against that nasty whiskey tax. Crushed by 15,000 US soldiers, led by Washington. This led people to root for anti-federalists. |
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Term
| Washington's Farewell Address |
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Definition
| Farewell, President Washington. "Avoid entangling alliances". |
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Term
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Definition
| After the French flee and leave their lands to the British, the Native Americans lose power. Neolin leads the Indians to rebel against British rule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deported "dangerous immigrants" and censored publications. STOPS FREEDOM OF SPEECH. |
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Term
| Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions |
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Definition
| States have the right to nullify abusive laws issued by the federal government. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adams wants to be friends with the French, but Mr. X, Y, and Z want a bribe. Creates the Quasi war [French cold war]. Leads to the creation of the American navy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Federalist judges appointed by John Adams to preserve long-term federal influence. |
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Term
| Jefferson's Revolution of 1800 |
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Definition
| Between Jefferson and Hamilton over who would win the election. It was an ugly election chock full of personal attacks. Shift from Federalist support to Republicans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Assimilated 23% of United State's land for only 15 million dollars, Doubles the size of the US in this time period. More Americans became land owners. |
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Term
| Embargo Act/Non-Intercourse Act |
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Definition
| No trade with France or England until they promised to play nice. |
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Term
| War of 1812 causes/effects |
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Definition
| The War of 1812 was intended to kick Britain out of the United States. Caused by impressment of British on American ships, which led the Jeffersonians to be pro-French. Effects: Nationalism and positive relations with England. |
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Term
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Definition
| Was the last gathering of Federalists. Proposed succession, but killed the federalist party. The Three Fifth Clause was a main topic and the Federalists wanted it eliminated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acquires Florida from Spain. |
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Term
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Definition
| During Monroe's two terms in office. Period of peace and prosperity with no outside threats. Only political party were the Republicans. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first half of the 1800s, economic transformation. Innovation in transportation and communication. |
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Term
| Henry Clay's American System |
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Definition
| National security through tariffs and invested in infrastructure. Built roads and canals. |
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Term
| Significance of the Erie Canal |
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Definition
| 363 miles long, connected New York to Great Lakes. Caused farmers to leave and move to cities. Reduced the cost of transportation. Other canals followed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Textile miles that primarily employed young, unmarried women. Showcase of American Industry. |
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Term
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Definition
| Missouri = slave state, Maine = free state. Below the line is slavery, above it is free. Jackson did not like this. |
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Term
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Definition
| America claims to have influence of entire western hemisphere. Stays out of Europe's affairs if Europe stays out of ours. |
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Term
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Definition
| Supreme Courts could declare a federal law constitutional. |
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Term
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Definition
| Federal government has power over state laws. |
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Term
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Definition
| State laws cannot apply to Indians. Georgia has power to remove Indians from their land. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adams vs. Jackson. Adams became president, Clay became Secretary of State. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adams bribes Clay to support him by offering him position as Secretary of State if Adams wins the presidency. |
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Term
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Definition
| Jackson uprooted the 5 Civilized Tribes and made them move to the New Indian Land. 25% of the travelers died. |
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Term
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Definition
| Calhoun the bird man *KAW*. Echoed the desire for states rights. |
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Term
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Definition
| Debate between the Democratic ideal of states rights and federalist big government idea. Jackson vetos National Bank. Gains popularity, but it leads to the Panic of 1819. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd party system. Whigs were opposed to Jackson, favors federal ideas. Democrats were anti-federalists. |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that God created man as a moral agent with the potential for reform. Brought about movements in temperance, perfectionism, and abolition. Main reformers were educated northern women. |
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Term
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Definition
| Published the Liberator in Boston, which called for abolition. Was reprinted in the South and criticized. Most important abolition publication of its time. |
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Term
| Seneca Falls/Declaration of Sentiments |
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Definition
| Seneca Falls Convention was a feminist convention, arguing for suffrage. Declaration of Sentiments mirrored the Declaration of Independence, but included women. |
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Term
| Thoreau, Civil Disobedience |
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Definition
| Protest laws and violate laws that you feel are unjust. Thoreau wrote this while he sat in jail for not paying taxes during the Mexican-American war. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Utopian communities were groups of religious enthusiasts whose goal was to create the perfect society. This included the Shakers (with the female reincarnation of Jesus), Brook Farm, Oneida (free love!), Fourierite, and the Mormons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Polk plays some poker. Bluffs with the English, tells them he wants everything from Oregon to all of British Columbia. He lets them keep Canada, but takes Oregon, which was what he originally wanted. |
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Term
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
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Definition
| After the Battle of Buena Vista, the US bought New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah from Mexico for 15 million dollars, reducing Mexican land by half. |
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Term
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Definition
| Controversial war with Mexico for control of SW United States. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ensues. |
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Term
| Nat Turner and significance |
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Definition
| Violent slave uprising, kills the white owners. Slave owners get scared of uprising, so the become more defensive. Calhoun declares that slavery is a positive good. |
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Term
| Compromise of 1850 *MEMORIZE ALL FOUR THINGS* |
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Definition
| California became a free state, and Utah and New Mexico got popular sovereignty. Slaves could no longer be bought or sold in Washington DC, and the Fugitive Slave Law was passed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Said there would be no slavery in the new territory, but FAILED. |
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Term
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Definition
| Kansas and Nebraska are given popular sovereignty. Led to the rise of the Republican party. |
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Term
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Definition
Anti-catholic natives that didn't want immigration. Anti-slavery.
Millard Fillmore! |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed of Northern Whigs, Democrats, and Free Soilers in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Includes John C. Fremont and Abraham Lincoln. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trial that ended up deciding that African Americans could not be citizens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Terrorist. Hacked Southerners up with a broad sword at Harper's Ferry. Was executed, seen as a martyr by abolitionists. |
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Term
| Lincoln's Selections on Race and Slavery |
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Definition
| Maintained that Lincoln wanted to preserve the Union, not necessarily dispose of slavery. |
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Term
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Definition
| States that sided with the Union and were able to keep their slaves as a reward. Included Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware. |
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Term
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Definition
| First large war battle. Union quickly retreated, and the South won. It's an indication that this is going to be a long and bloody war. |
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Term
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Definition
| Single most bloody battle in American history. |
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Term
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Definition
| First influential victory for the North, gives Lincoln justification to finally sign the Emancipation Proclamation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Union gains control of the Mississipi River, South surrenders. |
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Term
| Sherman's March to the Sea |
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Definition
| Sherman's troops destroy everything in their path and totally wreck Atlanta. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lee surrenders, wheeee. Officially ends the Civil War on April 9th, 1865. |
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Term
| Emancipation Proclamation |
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Definition
| Freed slaves in all seceded states and offered enrollment of black soldiers into the Union army. Created a favorable impression on foreign countries. |
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Term
| Presidential Reconstruction |
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Definition
| Attempt from Lincoln to reunite the North and South. Included the 10% plan, the Wade-Davis Bill, and the Freedmen's Bureau. Johnson announced the ratification of the 13th amendment would earn southern states admission into the union. |
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Term
| Congressional Reconstruction |
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Definition
| Reconstruction based off of punishing the South for the war, and the Republicans took control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lincoln's VP second term. Passed the Black Codes. He was horrible. Was impeached in Congress, but one vote saved his sorry ass and he got to stay in office. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Bureau of agents given the task of creating schools and aid for all free men, but mostly blacks. Wanted to achieve health and education. |
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Term
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Definition
| Laws passed by the South saying that black men could not testify against whites, serve on a jury, or vote. |
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Term
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Definition
| Black families could rent part of a plantation's crop, and was the first attempt to give newly freed blacks jobs. Later it became oppressive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proclaimed that every Southern state would be admitted back into the Union as long as 10% of its population swore allegiance to the Union. |
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Term
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Definition
13th: Abolished slavery throughout the Union.
14th: Prohibited abridging privileges of any citizen. Everyone had equal protection in the eyes of the law.
15th: Prohibits denying citizens their right to vote (only applies to men) |
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Term
| Reconstruction Act of 1867 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Hayes won the election of 1876 on a bargain. Republicans must recognize the democratic control of the South, and Hayes would work for federal aid for Texas and for funding the Pacific Railroad and the Democrats promised not to dispute Hayes right to office, and would respect Black liberties. |
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Term
| Plains Indian Wars: Little Big Horn |
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Definition
| Custer gets annihilated by the Indians on the Fourth of July. |
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Term
| Plains Indian Wars: Wounded Knee |
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Definition
| Complete massacre. Children, women, and men are all obliterated. Last battle of the wars. |
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Term
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Definition
| Took the Indian land and divvied up the allocated reservations. Extra land was sold off, and the money went towards boarding schools for the Indians. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gave grants of 160 acre parcels of land to anyone who applied. |
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Term
| Pacific Railway Act/Morrill Act |
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Definition
The USFG promoted construction of the first trans-continental railroad to encourage trade.
Morrill Act: Allowed for land grant colleges. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stressed that the open frontier and the mass moving west was an integral part of American history, and encouraged character and development. |
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Term
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Definition
| Literally means "hands off". The idea that the government should not play a role in economics, and that the economy should be completely self-directed by privately owned businesses. |
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Term
| Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth |
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Definition
| Rich people should give back to educational and philanthropist things. |
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Term
| Henry George's Progress and Poverty |
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Definition
seeks to explain why poverty exists notwithstanding widespread advances in technology and even where there is a concentration of great wealth such as in cities.
I cut and paste this from Wikipedia. I'm sorry. |
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Term
| Jacob Riis' 'How the Other Half Lives' |
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Definition
| Photo journalism, just pictures of normal people living in poverty and doing their every day things. |
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Term
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Definition
Knights of Labor: Never well organized, just sat around and had tea parties talking about what would be nice
American Federation of Labor: Actually made an impact, sought change |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevented all Asians from immigrating into the United States for fear that they would take "white jobs". |
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Term
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Definition
| Most corrupt man in the history of ever, ran for office by bribing Irish immigrants with things that would improve their communities in exchange for votes . Would shave the top off of his funding projects in order to line his own pockets. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made racial segregation A-okay. "Separate but equal". |
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Term
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Definition
She was the most prominent reformer of the Progressive Era and helped turn the nation to issues of concern to mothers, such as the needs of children, public health, and world peace.
Note: This was cut and paste from Wikipedia. |
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Term
| Populist Party: Battle of the Standards |
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Definition
| Wanted to replace gold with silver in order to make it easier for the lower class to get a piece of the pie. |
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Term
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Definition
| Everybody suffered from dreadful economic depression, and then we engaged in the Spanish-American war. |
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Term
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Definition
| Was courted by both the Democratic and the Populist parties, gave the "cross of gold" speech. People person, for the people, liked by the people. Lost. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the imperialist movement and a desire to gain new markets for goods after the economic Panic of 1893. Used rights violations and abuse of Cuba, and the sinking of the Maine, as an excuse to go beat the crap out of Spain. Gained Philippines, Cuba, G. Bay, and a couple others sorry it's late I don't remember these things anymore |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that all of Europe and America could just stroll into China and take whatever they pleased, and that they didn't have to fight or squabble over silly things because China was basically open for anyone to take from, lucky European countries |
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