Shared Flashcard Set

Details

AP US History Chapters 33-35
The Great Depression/New Deal through World War II
103
History
11th Grade
04/08/2013
Click here to study/print these flashcards.

Create your own flash cards! Sign up here.

Additional History Flashcards

 

 

Cards

Term
Good Neighbor Policy
 Definition
Franklin Roosevelt described his foreign policy as that of a "good neighbor." The phrase came to be used to describe the U.S. attitude toward the countries of Latin America. Under Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor Policy," the U.S. took the lead in promoting good will among these nations.
Term
Norris-LaGuardia (Anti-Injunction) Act, 1932
 Definition
Liberal Republicans, Feorelo LaGuardia and George Norris cosponsored the Norris-LaGuardia Federal Anti-Injunction Act, which protected the rights of striking workers, by severely restricting the federal courts' power to issue injunctions against strikes and other union activities.
Term
Election of 1932: candidates, issues
 Definition
Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was running for reelection. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced budget.
Term
Twentieth Amendment
 Definition
Written by George Norris and also called the "Lame Duck Amendment," it changed the inauguration date from March 4 to January 20 for president and vice president, and to January 3 for senators and representatives. It also said Congress must assemble at least once a year.
Term
Twenty-First Amendment
 Definition
Passed February, 1933 to repeal the 18th Amendment (Prohibition). Congress legalized light beer. Took effect December, 1933.
Term
"Bank Holiday"
 Definition
March 11, 1933 - Roosevelt closed all banks and forbade the export of gold or redemption of currency in gold.
Term
Hundred Days
 Definition
March 9, 1933 - At Roosevelt's request, Congress began a special session to review recovery and reform laws submitted by the President for Congressional approval. It actually lasted only 99 days
Term
"Relief, recovery, reform"
 Definition
The first step in FDR's relief program was to establish the Civilian Conservation Corps in April, 1933. The chief measure designed to promote recovery was the National Industrial Recovery Act. The New Deal acts most often classified as reform measures were those designed to guarantee the rights of labor and limit the powers of businesses.
Term
Brain trust
 Definition
Many of the advisers who helped Roosevelt during his presidential candidacy continued to aid him after he entered the White House. A newspaperman once described the group as "Roosevelt's Brain Trust." They were more influential than the Cabinet.
Term
Emergency Banking Relief Act, 1933
 Definition
March 6, 1933 - FDR ordered a bank holiday. Many banks were failing because they had too little capital, made too many planning errors, and had poor management. The Emergency Banking Relief Act provided for government inspection, which restored public confidence in the banks.
Term
Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, 1933
 Definition
Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insures the accounts of depositors of its member banks. It outlawed banks investing in the stock market.
Term
Gold Clause Act, 1935
 Definition
1200. Gold Clause Act, 1935
It voided any clause in past or future contracts requiring payment in gold. It was enacted to help enforce 1933 legislation discontinuing the gold standard and outlawing circulation of gold coin.
Term
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
 Definition
A federal agency which insures bank deposits, created by the Glass-Strengall Banking Reform Act of 1933.
Term
National Industry Recovery Act (NIRA)
 Definition
The chief measure to promote recovery was the NIRA. It set up the National Recovery Administration and set prices, wages, work hours, and production for each industry. Based on the theory that regulation of the economy would allow industries to return to full production, thereby leading to full employment and a return of prosperity.
Term
National Industry Recovery Act (NIRA)
 Definition
The chief measure to promote recovery was the NIRA. It set up the National Recovery Administration and set prices, wages, work hours, and production for each industry. Based on the theory that regulation of the economy would allow industries to return to full production, thereby leading to full employment and a return of prosperity.
Term
National Industrial Recovery Administration (NIRA)
 Definition
Founded in 1933 to carry out the plans of the National Industrial Recovery Act to fight depression. It established code authorities for each branch of industry or business. The code authorities set the lowest prices that could be charged, the lowest wages that could be paid, and the standards of quality that must be observed.
Term
National Recovery Administration, "The Blue Eagle"
 Definition
The NRA Blue Eagle was a symbol Hugh Johnson devised to generate enthusiasm for the NRA codes. Employers who accepted the provisions of the NRA could display it in their windows. The symbol showed up everywhere, along with the NRA slogan "We Do Our Part."
Term
Hugh Johnson
 Definition
Director of the NRA.
Term
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), Second AAA
 Definition
1933 - The AAA offered contracts to farmers to reduce their output of designated products. It paid farmers for processing taxes on these products, and made loans to farmers who stored crops on their farms. The Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional.
Term
Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act
 Definition
1936 - The second AAA appropriated funds for soil conservation payments to farmers who would remove land from production.
Term
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
 Definition
Created in April 1933. Within 4 months, 1300 CCC camps were in operation and 300,000 men between ages 18 and 25 worked for the reconstruction of cities. More than 2.5 million men lived and/or worked in the CCC camps.
Term
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
 Definition
Appropriated $500 million for aid to the poor to be distributed by state and local government. Harry Hopkins was the leader of FERA.
Term
Civil Works Administration (CWA)
 Definition
Hired unemployed workers to do makeshift jobs like sweeping streets. Sent men ages 18-24 to camps to work on flood control, soil conservation, and forest projects under the War Department. A small monthly payment was made to the family of each member.
Term
Public Works Administration (PWA), Harold Ickes
 Definition
Harold Ickes
Under Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, the PWA distributed $3.3 billion to state and local governments for building schools, highways, hospitals, etc.
Term
Works Progress Administration (WPA), Harold Hopkins, Federal Arts Project
 Definition
The WPA started in May 1935 and was headed by Harold Hopkins. It employed people for 30 hours a week (so it could hire all the unemployed). The Federal Arts Project had unemployed artists painting murals in public buildings; actors, musicians, and dancers performing in poor neighborhoods; and writers compiling guide books and local histories.
Term
Works Progress Administration (WPA), Harold Hopkins, Federal Arts Project
 Definition
The WPA started in May 1935 and was headed by Harold Hopkins. It employed people for 30 hours a week (so it could hire all the unemployed). The Federal Arts Project had unemployed artists painting murals in public buildings; actors, musicians, and dancers performing in poor neighborhoods; and writers compiling guide books and local histories.
Term
Federal Housing Authorities (FHA)
 Definition
1934 - Created by Congress to insure long-term, low-interest mortgages for home construction and repair.
Term
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
 Definition
1934 - Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in securities trading.
Term
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), Senator Norris
 Definition
A public corporation headed by a 3-member board. The TVA built 20 dams, conducted demonstration projects for farmers, and engaged in reforestation to rehabilitate the area.
Term
Indian Reorganization Act
 Definition
1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.
Term
Recognition of the U.S.S.R.
 Definition
November 1933 - In an effort to open trade with Russia, mutual recognition was negotiated. The financial results were disappointing.
Term
Recognition of the U.S.S.R.
 Definition
November 1933 - In an effort to open trade with Russia, mutual recognition was negotiated. The financial results were disappointing.
Term
Wagner Act
 Definition
1222. Wagner Act
May 1935 - Replaced Section 7A of the NIRA. It reaffirmed labor's right to unionize, prohibited unfair labor practices, and created the National Labor Relations Board.
Term
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
 Definition
Created to insure fairness in labor-management relations and the mediate employers' disputes with unions.
Term
Fair Labor Standards Act, maximum hours and minimum wage
 Definition
June 1938 - Set maximum hours at 40 hours a week and minimum wage at 20 cents an hour (gradually rose to 40 cents).
Term
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), John L. Lewis
 Definition
Originally formed by leaders within the AFL who wanted to expand its principles to include workers in mass production industries. In 1935, they created coalition of the 8 unions comprising the AFL and the United Mine Workers of America, led by John L. Lewis. After a split within the organization in 1938, the CIO was established as a separate entity.
Term
Sit-down strikes
 Definition
The strikers occupied the workplace to prevent any production.
Term
Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins
 Definition
The nation's first woman cabinet member.
Term
Eleanor Roosevelt
 Definition
A strong first lady who supported civil rights.
Term
Keynesian Economics
 Definition
The British economist John Maynard Keynes believed that the government could pull the economy out of a depression by increasing government spending, thus creating jobs and increasing consumer buying power.
Term
Deficit spending
 Definition
FDR's administration was based on this concept. It involved stimulating consumer buying power, business enterprise, and ultimately employment by pouring billions of dollars of federal money into the economy even if the government didn't have the funds, and had to borrow money.
Term
Revenue Act
 Definition
1935 - Increased income taxes on higher incomes and also increased inheritance, large gift, and capital gains taxes.
Term
Liberty League
 Definition
Formed in 1934 by conservatives to defend business interests and promote the open shop.
Term
Coalition of the Democratic Party: Blacks, unions, intellectuals, big city machines, South
 Definition
Union took an active role providing campaign funds and votes. Blacks had traditionally been Republican but 3/4 had shifted to the Democratic party. Roosevelt still received strong support from ethnic whites in big cities and Midwestern farmers.
Term
Huey Long, Share the Wealth, Gerald K. Smith
 Definition
K. Smith
The Share the Wealth society was founded in 1934 by Senator Huey Long of Louisiana. He called for the confiscation of all fortunes over $5 million and a 100% tax on annual incomes over $1 million. He was assassinated in 1935 and his successor Gerald K. Smith lacked the ability to be a strong head of the society.
Term
Father Charles Coughlin
 Definition
Headed the National Union for Social Justice. Began as a religious radio broadcaster, but turned to politics and finance and attracted an audience of millions from many faiths. Promoted inflationary currency, anti-Semitism.
Term
Dr. Francis Townsend
 Definition
Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month.
Term
Election of 1936: candidates, issues
 Definition
Democrat - Franklin D. Roosevelt, Rebublican - Governor Alfred Landon, Union Party - William Lemke
Issues were the New Deal (which Landon criticized as unconstitutional laws), a balanced budget, and low taxes. Roosevelt carried all states but Maine and Vermont.
Term
Second New Deal
 Definition
Some thought the first New Deal (legislation passed in 1933) did too much and created a big deficit, while others, mostly the elderly, thought it did not do enough. Most of the 1933 legislation was ineffective in stopping the Depression, which led F. D. R. to propose a second series of initiatives in 1935, referred to the Second New Deal.
Term
Social Security Act
 Definition
One of the most important features of the Second New Deal established a retirement for persons over 65 funded by a tax on wages paid equally by employee and employer.
Term
Court-packing plan
 Definition
Because the Supreme Court was striking down New Deal legislation, Roosevelt decided to curb the power of the Court by proposing a bill to allow the president to name a new federal judge for each who did not retire by age 70 and 1/2. At the time, 6 justices were over the age limit. Would have increased the number of justices from 9 to 15, giving FDR a majority of his own appointees on the court. The court-packing bill was not passed by Congress.
Term
Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes
 Definition
Began to vote with the more liberal members in the liberal-dominated Supreme Court. In June a conservative justice retired and Roosevelt had an opportunity to make an appointment, shifting the Court's stance to support of New Deal legislation.
Term
"Conservative Coalition" in Congress
 Definition
1938 - Coalition of conservative Democrats and Republicans who united to curb further New Deal legislators. Motivated by fears of excessive federal spending and the expansion of federal power.
Term
Robinson-Patman Act
 Definition
1937 - Amended federal anti-trust laws so as to outlaw "price discrimination," whereby companies create a monopolistic network of related suppliers and vendors who give each other more favorable prices than they do others.
Term
Miller-Tydings Act
 Definition
1937 - Amended anti-trust laws to allow agreements to resell products at fixed retail prices in situations involving sales of trademarked good to a company's retail dealer.
Term
Hatch Act
 Definition
1939 - Prohibited federal office holders from participating actively in political campaigns or soliciting or accepting contributions.
Term
Tydings-McDuffie Act, 1934, Philippines
 Definition
In 1933 the U.S. had proposed granting the Philippines independence in 12 years while retaining its military bases there. The Philippines rejected the offer and asked for immediate commonwealth status with independence by 1946. The U.S. accepted their offer in the Tydings-McDuffie Act.
Term
Nye Committee
 Definition
Gerald Nye of North Dakota believed that the U.S. should stay out of foreign wars.
Term
"Merchants of Death"
 Definition
Liberal isolationists' term for companies which manufactured armaments. They felt that the companies were undermining national interests by assisting aggressor nations.
Term
Neutrality legislation
 Definition
Embargo ---> Lend-Lease ---> Cash-and-Carry
Term
Spanish Civil War (1936-1935), Franco
 Definition
Spain had established a leftist, democratic government in the 1930s. In July, 1936, Gen. Fransisco Franco and other army leaders staged a coup and installed a right-wing fascist government, touching off a civil war between loyalist Republican forces (aided by Russia) and Franco's Fascist party (aided by Mussolini and Hitler).
Term
Ethiopia
 Definition
Mussolini invaded, conquering it in 1936. The League of Nations failed to take any effective action against Mussolini, and the U.S. just looked on.
Term
Mussolini (1883-1945)
 Definition
Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922-1943. Wanted to recreate the Roman Empire.
Term
Mussolini (1883-1945)
 Definition
Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922-1943. Wanted to recreate the Roman Empire.
Term
Japan attacks China, Chiang Kai-Shek
 Definition
Chinese leader Kai-Shek defeated the Communists in China, sending them back to Russia and instituting the Kuomintang government. Then in 1931, Japan seized Manchuria from China.
Term
Panay Incident
 Definition
1937 - On the Yangtze River in China, Japanese aircraft sank an American gunboat escorting tankers. The U.S. accepted Japan's apologies.
Term
Panay Incident
 Definition
1937 - On the Yangtze River in China, Japanese aircraft sank an American gunboat escorting tankers. The U.S. accepted Japan's apologies.
Term
Quarantine Speech
 Definition
1937 - In this speech Franklin D. Roosevelt compared Fascist aggression to a contagious disease, saying democracies must unite to quarantine aggressor nations.
Term
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), Nazism
 Definition
German fascist dictator. Leader of the National Socialist Workers Party, or Nazis. Elected Chancellor of Germany in 1933, he quickly established himself as an absolute dictator.
Term
Munich Conference, appeasement, Neville Chamberlain
 Definition
1938 - Hitler wanted to annex the Sudetenland, a portion of Czechoslovakia whose inhabitants were mostly German-speaking. On Sept. 29, Germany, Italy, France, and Great Britain signed the Munich Pact, which gave Germany the Sudetenland. British Prime Minister Chamberlain justified the pact with the belief that appeasing Germany would prevent war.
Term
Austria annexed
 Definition
March 12, 1938 - After the Austrian leader resigned under growing Nazi pressure, German troops set up a government called the Ansehluss, which was a union of Germany and Austria.
Term
Non-aggression pact between Germany and U.S.S.R.
 Definition
August 23, 1939 - Germany and Russia agreed not to attack each other, which allowed Hitler to open up a second front in the West without worrying about defending against Russia. Granted Western Poland ot Germany, but allowed Russia to occupy Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Eastern Poland. Hitler intended to break the pact.
Term
Invasion of Poland, Blitzkrieg
 Definition
September, 1939 - Germany used a series of "lightning campaigns" to conquer Poland. The invasion caused Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany.
Term
Axis Powers
 Definition
A series of treaties in 1936 and 37 between Germany, Italy, and Japan created what was called the "Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis." The countries were thereafter referred to as the Axis Powers.
Term
Fall of France
 Definition
Summer, 1941 - Germany invaded France and set up the Vichey government, which lasted until the Allies invaded in 1944.
Term
America First Committee
 Definition
1940 - Formed by die-hard isolationists who feared the U.S. going to war.
Term
Isolationism, Charles Lindbergh
 Definition
Lindbergh, known for making the first solo flight across the Atlantic, became politically controversial because he was an isolationist and pro-Germany.
Term
Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies
 Definition
1940 - Formed by isolationists who believed that the U.S. could avoid going to war by giving aid in the form of supplies and money to the Allies, who would fight the war for us.
Term
Smith Act
 Definition
Required fingerprinting and registering of all aliens in the U.S. and made it a crime to teach or advocate the violent overthrow of the U.S. government.
Term
Destroyer Deal
 Definition
1940 - U.S. agreed to "lend" its older destroyers to Great Britain. (Destroyers were major warships that made up the bulk of most countries' navies.) Signaled the end of U.S. neutrality in the war.
Term
Election of 1940: candidates, issues
 Definition
Democrat - Franklin D. Roosevelt, Republican - Wendel Wrillkie (lost by almost 5 million votes). The issue was the New Deal, about which there was a major debate.
Term
Atlantic Charter
 Definition
Led to the United Nations being formed as a goal of the Allied war effort
Term
Pearl Harbor
 Definition
7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.
Term
Japanese relocation
 Definition
The bombing of Pearl Harbor created widespread fear that the Japanese living in the U.S. were actually spies. FDR issued executive order 9066, which moved all Japanese and people of Japanese descent living on the west coast of the U.S. into internment camps in the interior of the U.S.
Term
Bond drives
 Definition
Celebrities and government representatives traveled around the U.S. selling government bonds ot raise money for the war effort. Extremely successful in raising funds.
Term
War Production Board
 Definition
Converted factories from civilian to military production. Manufacturing output tripled.
Term
War Labor Board
 Definition
Acted as a supreme court for labor cases. Did more harm than good when it tried to limit wages, which led to strikes.
Term
Office of Price Administration (OPA)
 Definition
The government agency which successfully combatted inflation by fixing price ceilings on commodities and introducing rationing programs during World War II.
Term
General Dwight D. Eisenhower (1870-1969)
 Definition
Served as the supreme commander of the Western Allied forces and became chief of staff in 1941. Sent to Great Britain in 1942 as the U.S. commander in Europe.
Term
General Douglas MacArthur
 Definition
Military governor of the Philippines, which Japan invaded a few days after the Pearl Harbor attack. MacArthur escaped to Australia in March 1942 and was appointed supreme commander of the Allied forces in the Pacific. Received the Medal of Honor.
Term
Second Front
 Definition
The Russians were suffering heavy casualties fighting the German invasion of Russia. Stalin urged the Allies to open a "second front" in the west to relieve the pressure on the Russians. The Allies did so, but only after a long delay.
Term
D-Day
 Definition
June 6, 1944- Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.
Term
Stalingrad
 Definition
Site of critical World War II Soviet victory that reversed Germany's advance to the East. In late 1942, Russian forces surrounded the Germans, and on Feb. 2, 1943, the German Sixth Army surrendered. First major defeat for the Germans in World War II.
Term
Casablanca Conference
 Definition
FDR and Churchill met in Morocco to settle the future strategy of the Allies following the success of the North African campaign. They decided to launch an attack on Italy through Sicily before initiating an invasion into France over the English Channel. Also announced that the Allies would accept nothing less than Germany's unconditional surrender to end the war.
Term
Tehran Conference
 Definition
December, 1943 - A meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace.
Term
"Unconditional surrender"
 Definition
It means the victor decides all the conditions the loser must agree to. The Allies wanted Germany and Japan to agree to unconditional surrender.
Term
Okinawa
 Definition
The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000.
Term
Battle of the Bulge
 Definition
December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.
Term
Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967)
 Definition
Physics professor at U.C. Berkeley and CalTech, he headed the U.S. atomic bomb project in Los Alamos, New Mexico. He later served on the Atomic Energy Commission, although removed for a time the late 1950's, over suspicion he was a Communist sympathizer.
Term
Atomic bomb
 Definition
A bomb that uses the fission of radioactive elements such as uranium or plutonium to create explosions equal to the force of thousands of pounds of regular explosives.
Term
Hiroshima, Nagasaki
 Definition
First and second cities to be hit by atomic bombs, they were bombed after Japan refused to surrender and accept the Potsdam Declaration. Hiroshima was bombed on August 6, 1945 and Nagasaki was bombed on August 9, 1945.
Term
Yalta Conference
 Definition
February, 1945 - Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations. They announced the decision to divide Germany into three post-war zones of occupation, although a fourth zone was later created for France. Russia also agreed to enter the war against Japan, in exchange for the Kuril Islands and half of the Sakhalin Peninsula.
Term
Potsdam Conference
 Definition
July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!