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began to build westward from Nebraska to California
issues by Congress to try and help California bind to the republic |
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| Railroad starting in California that would extend east - backed by "The Big Four" |
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Part of the Big Four
ex-governor of California |
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Part of the Big Four
adept lobbyist |
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| the four transcontinental railroads |
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Northern Pacific Railroad
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe
Southern Pacific
Great Northern |
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| financed the successful western railroads, invented the steel rail, standard track, and track gauge. overall, made railroad more efficient |
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luxurious but dangerous passenger cars
"like home on the railroad" |
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| a leading railroad developer that played the game of dazzling the public while making multi-million dollars at their expense |
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| companies grossly over-inflated the worth of their stock and sold them at huge profits |
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| a group of supposed competitors who agree to work together, usually to set prices |
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| political group formed by farmers to combat such corruption |
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| Supreme Court ruling which ruled that states could not regulate interstate commerce |
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1887, banned rebates and pools
required railroads to publish their rates openly as to not cheat customers and forbade unfair discrimination |
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| Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) |
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| set up to enforce the Interstate Commerce Act |
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| a shrewd corporate lawyer, noted that they could use the Interstate Commerce Act to act to capitalist advantage |
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| invented telephone in 1876, launched new age of communication |
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| invented a lot of things, most remembered for electric light bulb in 1879 |
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| when someone buys out and controls all aspects of an industry (ex. mined iron, transported it, refined it, turns it into steel, and sells it) - takes out middleman |
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| dominated oil industry - "rule or ruin" |
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| when someone allies with other competitors instead of controlling everything themselves |
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| "interlocking directorates" |
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| placing someones own men on boards of directors of other rival competitors to gain influence and reduce competition |
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| invention that made steel-making cheaper and more effective |
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| an American who discovered the Bessemer process, but an Englishmen got credited |
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made a fortune in the banking industry in Wall Street - wanted to get into steel
Carnegie threatened to ruin him, so after some negotiation, Morgan bought Carnegie's business (it was Carnegie's plot from the beginning to sell) |
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| theory that people in the world were destined to become rich and then help society with their money |
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| Darwin's "survival-of-the-fittest" to business world |
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| became rich from "Acres of Diamonds" - basic meaning poor people made themselves poor and rich people made themselves rich |
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| 1890, forbade combination in restraint of trade without any distinction between "good" and "bad" trusts |
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| developed huge cigarette industry with new machines (took out hand-rolling) (called American Tobacco Company) |
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the new ideal of women - young, athletic, attractive, outdoorsy
didn't really work out, most started working in factories that paid them less of their male counterparts |
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| hiring replacements when people went on strike |
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| "ironclad oaths" or "yellow dog contracts" |
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| workers were forced to sign these that would ban them from joining a union |
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1866 founding, first labor union - widespread
worked for arbitration of industrial disputes and the eight-hour workday |
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1869 founding
like National Labor Union, but it included two groups that they did not: blacks and women |
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German-born Democrat that was the governor of Illinois
released the sentenced men free from Haymarket Square Bombing (received both positive and negative reactions from people - civic virtue) |
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May 4, 1886
Dynamite bomb went off in Chicago, eight anarchists were rounded up and were sentenced to death even though no one could prove they had done it |
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| Founded the American Federation of Labor (1886) |
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| American Federation of Labor (AFL) |
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an association of self-governing national unions, each with keeping its independence
was composed of skilled laborers, it was willing to let unskilled laborers end for themselves |
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