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| Establishing a colony ; to settle in. In North America, Europeans colonized in the 17th century by the tens of thousands driven by poverty or religious persecution |
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| Spiritual change from sinfulness to righteousness. In Mesoamerica the Spanish converted teh Indians to Catholicism and forced them to do manual labor on large estates. |
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| Comprehensive Orders For Dicoveries |
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| Issued in 1573 placed the 'pacification' of new lands primarily in the hands of missionaries, not conquistadors. Friars set up missions, but attacked natives' culture, whipping sexual sinnes, smashing religious idols.Tried to impress Indians by riches, clothes, etc..Initally tolerated by Indians out of fear of military reprisal or to learn spiiritual secrets, but when Christian prayers failed, they turned back to ancestral religions. |
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| seized and looted Pueblo people and their villages. Indians of the Acoma pueblo killed 11 soldiers and Juan retaliated killing 500 men and 200 women and children. |
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| Founded in 1610 after many Spanish had fled hostile Indians, Santa Fe caused the Indian population to decline from 60,000 to 17,000 by disease. Indians retaliated killing over 400 Spaniards and forcing remaining colonists to flee. The next time they rebelled in 1696 they lost and as Spain agreed to let them practice their own religion,and avoid forced labor, they accepted a dependant position in New Mexico. |
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| Jacques Cartier claimed the lands bordered b the Gulf of St. Lawerence for France. Firt permanent French settlement came in 1608 with Samuel de Champlain founding Quebec. Few French peasants migrated to America. France's monarch discouraged migration to preserve an ample supply of military recruits at home. Also barred Huguenots (French Protestants) from coming to America fearing they wouldn't be loyal to crown. 2/3rds of the igrating people returned to France. |
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| Instead of turning into Settler Colony, turned into fur colony. Securing beaver pelts from the Huron Indians, Champlain (the founder) provided Hurons with guns. |
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| French Jesuits were much more understanding of Indians beliefs and customs. At first Indians welcomed the Jesuits, but after their prayers didn't work, they gave it up. Jesuits did nto exploit the labor the Indian people, and tried to keep alcohol away from them. French Jesuits won ove Indians by adapting Christian beliefs to address Indian needs. |
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| in 1609 Englishman employed by the Dutch East India Company encountered and named the Hudson River in present-day New York. Dutch merchants soon later estblshd fur-trading posts on Manhattan island at Fort Orange. |
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| In 1621 the Dutch government chartered teh West India Company giving it Monopoly over trade in West Africa and in America. 3 years later founding the New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island and making it the capital of New Netherland. |
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| Colonization of New Netherlands |
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| Because very few Dutch cared to move to these fur-trading posts, makingn them vulnerable to take-over by other Europeans, they allowed for welathy Dutchmen to have huge estates along the Hudson River stipulating that all they ahd to do was settle fifty tenants within four years or lose his grant. only on proprietor succeeded by 1646, Kiliaen van Resselaer. |
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| Failing to attract settlers, Dutch traders were very commerce-oriented. Seized farming land from Algoniquans and took over the fur to corn to wampum exchange they had. |
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| Algonquians weren't happy Dutch took over trade so they battled with them, killing 200 dutch and 1000 Indians. Afterwards Dutch made agreement with Mohawks, but it ruined their relation with West India Company, who now focused on slaves from Africa to Brazil. |
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| New Netherland Government |
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| Governed short-sightedly by Peter Stuyvesant rejecting Purita settlers for rep. government and alienating the colony. 1664 English invaded and they accepted English rule. |
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| First English ventures to North America failed by Sir Humphrey Gilvert(lack of finance) and Sir Ferdinando Gorges's(harsh climate) SirWalter Ralegih (colony in Roanoke vanished without a trace). Later merchants replaced gentry and traded setting up joint stock companies that sold shares to many investors and sought royal support. James I granted London merchants a rrading monopoly in the alnds from NCarolina and NY. Director of Monopoly named Virginia after Virgin Queen Elizabeth and promised to spread the 'true' religion fo English |
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| Main goal - trade. Appnted a governor and small council to direect adventurers or 'employees' bt they were not prepared for the nwe enviornment. Named first settlements Jamestown after the King. most died after 9 months |
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| Native Americans v Englishmen |
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| At first very welcoming, traders were a source of valuable goods.Powhatan accused English of coming not to trade but to invade Indians threatening war v english. 1614 Powhatan gave daughter in marriage to John Rolfe to integrate through family alliance. John Rolfe was tabacco rich. Englishmen embarked to overun Powhatan's kingdom and take up planting |
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| Virgnia CO. allowed individuals in 1617 to own land, granting one hundred acres to every freeman adn allowing masters to claim an additional fifty acres for every servants. Then the CO. issued a ' greate Charter' that swept away teh military-stle regime of Gvnr Sir Thomas Dale and created a system of rep. governent. The House of Burgesses first convened in Jamestown 1619 allowing only for vetos in England. The influx of English migrants caued war v Indians. in 1622 Opechancanough launched a surprise attack v English killing 1/3 of the population. English then harvested Indian food for themselves. |
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| Hurt many and exploited Indians, indetured servants, and African slaves. |
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| Post-Indian attacks on English colonY |
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| James I mad at Virginia CO. and made Virginia a royal colony in 1624. King adn his ministers appointed the governor and small advisory council, allowing the House of Burgesses to continue but the Privy Council had to ratify all legislation. Also decreed the legal establishment of the Church of England - all property owners pay to tax to support clergy. |
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| King Charles I and Lord Baltimore |
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| Charles I, successor to James, gave border lands to Chesapeake Bay to Cecilius Calert AKA Lord Baltimore. Maryland named in honor of Queen Henrietta Maria charle's wife, Baltimore could do whatever he wanted with Maryland - appt officials, churches, etc.. Baltimore wanted Maryland to be a refuge from persecution for his fellow English Catholics. Made a policy of religious restraint to minimze confrontations between Catholics and Protestants. Protestat uprising endangered maryland's religious mission. Baltimore enacted Toleration Act, granting religious freedom to all Christians. Tobacco = basis of economy in Maryland. Although at first condemned, James was happy with revenue received. Life was very harsh - many died |
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| indentures / indentured servants |
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| labor contracts signed by penniless wanderers who gained a voyage for 4/5 years of work. These servants fetched high prices by Chesapeake planters. Most did not escape from poverty after term ended. |
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| Although English law acknoweldged indentured servitude, the didn't acknowledge chattel slavery - the ownership of one human being by another. Many Africans escaped bondge by hard work and conversion to Christianity. Some even later purchased slaves, bought white labor contracts, or even married English women. But this mobility for Africans ended in the 1660s because the legislature in Chesapeake made a law that lowered their status. Also, end of tobacco boom made planters turn to slave labor to lower their cost and raise their income. 1671 House of Burgesses forbid Africans to own guns, join the militar, buy indentured servants, convert to Christianity to buy freedom. |
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