none of these 

• British 
• Spain
• Native Americans

Congress established the First Cabinet 

1. Secretary of State
2. Secretary of Treasury
3. Secretary of War
4. Attorney General 

• Federalist - suspicious of the common people 
• Whiskey Rebellion - citizens must obey federal law 
  • wanted to show the power of the federal government

• National Bank - supported
• Tax on Whiskey - supported 

• Public Credit, which addressed the pressing issue of the national debt 
  
  
• National Bank, which advised a national bank as the way to a strong economy 
  
  
• Manufactures, which advised for a diversified, urban, manufacturing economy

• Wanted to create a National Bank 
• The Federal Government would assume the debts of the states 

• Proposed the federal government would pay off the state debts
  • the bill 

• Recommended economic policies to stimulate the new republic's economy after the war
• Attacked by Jefferson 
• In support of the wealthy class  

• The South thought the North would take advantage of them
• Jefferson and Madison said it wasn't in the Constitution, so you couldn't do it 
  • Hamilton said the Constitution didn't say he couldn't, so he could 

Hamilton vs. Jefferson

Interpretations of the Constitution 

• Began to develop during Washington's first term 
• The issue of Hamilton's financial program 

Occurred in Western Pennsylvania

• Federal Government --> Tax on Whiskey (1791)
• Merchants and Supporters in western Pennsylvania fought against the tax
• It was taxed anyways 

• Partnered with Henry Knox 
• Indian Nations = Foreign Entities 
• Wanted to settle the land from the Appalachian Mnts to the Mississippi River
• He pushed them out of the way 

• America stayed neutral 

• America had made a treaty with France that if they went to war with Britain, the US would step in and help them
• They didn't
• France - "You stabbed us in the back!"

• Jefferson purchased Louisiana with a French treaty on April 30, 1803
• Napoleon wanted to establish French colonies in North America, but Jefferson created the treaty so he couldn't 
• Jefferson didn't want France and Spain to have the power to block American trading routes 
  • waterways 
• It wasn't in the Constitution
• Purchased for $15 million 

• Believed the Constitution had an implied power to be able to strike down other laws, thus making it superior to all other laws
• Marbury vs. Madison - Judicial Review
  • strengthened the position of the judiciary branch 
  • made the Supreme Court the center of power 

• Sent to explore the Louisiana Purchase by Jefferson
  • May 14, 1804

• Helped established the legal claim made by the US

• Opened trade routes 

• Describes the process of how the Electoral College determines the Presidency 

Jefferson and the Quid's 

• Congressman John Randolf broke with Jefferson and Madison in 1806 
  • his faction was called the "Quids"
• The Quids supported Republican ideals
  • believed Jefferson wasn't true to their party's "country" ideology 

• British maritime regulation - neutral nations could not trade in wartime with ports normally closed to them by mercantilistic restriction in time of peace
• John Jay and the Jay Treaty - America stayed neutral 

• Act of 1807 - stopped all trade between American and other countries 
• Stimulated the growth of manufacturing in the United States
• Most strongly opposed by New England

• American ships were "attacked"
• The non-Intercourse Act lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or French ports.
• Planned to stop commercial intercourse except between the US, Britain, and France 

• Repealed the Non-Intercourse Act which forbade British or French warships from entering American waters
• Reopened trade with Britain and France and determined that if either nation repealed the US would halt all commerce with the other nation

• Group of Republicans from the West and South who wanted to take
  • Canada from Britain
  • Florida from Spain 

• Part of Tecumseh's War between the US and the Indian Confederacy 
• Helped the United States win control of the Northwest Territory
• The Native American confederation was weakened
• Commander and Governor William Henry Harrison emerged as a hero

Reasons for War with Britain in 1812

1. Britain's incitement of the Indians 
2. Belief that continuing British restrictions on US shipping were causing the recession in the South and West
3. Madison's view that England intended to ruin America as a commercial rival 

• US and British commissioners met at Ghent to make peace
• Britain demanded territory from the US
  • the US refused
• Britain didn't have control of the Great Lakes - they backed down 
• December 1814 treaty was signed that restored the status quo
• Victory at Battle of New Orleans two weeks before had no baring on its terms 

• Resulted in the end of the Federalist party
• Resolutions were passed aimed at strengthening the region's power
• Protective Tariff = tax on imported goods
  • encourage Americans to buy American products instead of imported products 

Postwar Period

• Characterized by a heightened spirit of nationalism and a new political consensus 
• Republicans enacted the chartering of a new national bank, and help for domestic manufacturing with a protective tariff
• Issue of slavery broke down sectional harmony 

• Program for economic development by Henry Clay 

• He participated in the War of 1812 
• He participated in the renewal of the charter of the Bank of the United States

• Chief Justice John Marchall wrote opinions that strengthened the power of the federal government 
  • at the expense of state sovereignty 

• Jackson tried to bankrupt the Second Bank
  • removing federal government deposits and distributing them to accounts in state-chartered banks
• "Pet Banks"
• Led to the Panic of 1837

• Part of Andrew Jackson's plan to bankrupt the Second Bank of the US
• "State banks that received deposits of federal money"

Hard Money

• Gold or Silver

Soft Money

A worker's party that advocated hard money from New York 

Whig Party 

• Anti-Masons
• Northern Temperance Reformers 
• Supporters of Internal Improvements
• Southern Advocated of Nullification 

Said only specie was to be accepted in payment for public land 

Van Buren said the purpose of the Independent Treasury was to help keep federal money out of the grasp of business corporations 

Whig Party

• William Henry Harrison (P)
• John Tyler (VP)  

• Martin Van Buren (P)
• no VP
• lost because of the economic depression, military record of Harrison, refusal of the Whig party to publish a platform, and his sluggish campaigning 

Period of Revivalism in the early 19th century

• Second Great Awakening 

The belief that people can live without sin

Believed that Jesus was not diving but merely an exemplary human being 

Described as "Pushing against the currents of American religion and society"

• It appealed to the downtrodden and insecure rather than to the prosperous and secure
• It embraced polygyny
• It emphasized economic cooperation rather than competitiveness
• It rejected the Bible as the only source of revelation

Believed that God contained both male and female elements

1. Temperance
2. Women's rights
3. Abolition
4. Public Education 

The movement made one of their main targets the moderate drinkers among the laboring classes

• Drinking interfered with the orderly and steady habits required by the new factory system 

Goals Included:

1. Spreading uniform cultural values
2. Classifying pupils by age and attainment
3. Making attendance compulsory
4. Encouraging orderliness and thrift in the common people 

William Lloyd Garrison 

Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

• Equal Rights for women 

Major Utopian Communities

1. New Harmony, Indiana
2. Brook Farm, Massachusetts
3. Hopedale, Massachusetts
4. Oneida, New York 

Founders believed that if social arrangements could be perfected, the ills of society could be eliminated

• They can only survive when they were isolated from the rest of society 

Andrew Jackson

John Marshall 

1/3 = 33%

• Massachusetts Mills
• Started by the Boston Associates
• The first to concentrate total cloth production within the factory 
• Lowell women staged two of the largest strikes in American history in 1830 to that date 

 The judicial appointments made by President John Adams just before he was succeeded by Jefferson

Demonstrated that the Federalists were going to make the judiciary their stronghold 

After about 1830, both were united in their defense of slavery

• Tyler had broken with Jackson over nullification, but continued to favor the Democratic philosophy of states rights
• Tyler's monumenting veto's
• He was a former Democrat

• Acquisition of pacific ports for the Asian trade
• Acquisition of Oregon and CA as markets for American surplus
• Belief that expansion would safeguard democracy by enabling the US to remain an agricultural Nation
• It was America's destiny to posses the entire continent 

• Caused their economy to experience a boom 
• Caused their population to rapidly increase 

Sail in a clipper ship from New York to Cape Horn 

NY----|_                                                |----Cape Horn

           |____________________________|

• Know-Nothings
• Samuel B Morris
• Beecher 

• Overland Trail
• Stuck on the mountains during the winter
• They ate each other 

• Advance settlement of Kansas and Nebraska 
• Promote the building of a transcontinental railroad through the area 

Result

• Sectional party came close to capturing the presidency

Steven Douglass

• Pointed out how settlers could exclude slavery from a territory despite the Dred Scott decision
• Compatible because the states could in effect exclude slavery

• Shift
• Thousands
• Slavery