North

Founded on the principle of religious devotion, and by pilgrims escaping England's royal wrath. Because they refused to concur with the Church of England, and remain strictly Puritan. Needed a new place to populate and exercise freely their religion.

South

Founded on more of an economic principle. Promise of riches, especially from tobacco, brought the first settlers to the more fertile and easy climated lands of the South.

• God is all powerful and all-good
• Humans are weak and corrupt b/c of original sin
• Some souls, the elect, have been predestined to go to Heaven, and others condemned to Hell.
• We dont know who they are, so everyone has to recieve grace and live sanctified lives.
• Those who are condemned for Hell have no hope of going into Heaven, and those to are chosen to go to heaven (visible saints), can easily go to Hell if not behaved right.
• 
  

Why the Puritans broke off from Church of England

(aka, why seeked for another land)

• Unhappy to see how slow the progress of the Protestand Reformation was in England
• Church of England enrolled ALL king's subjects, versus the elitist (you could say) Puritans who only believed in sharing pews with visible saints, not the 'damned'
• B/c of this unholy fraternizing, the Separists, vowed to break away entire from CoE.
• Royal Wrath
• ^ King James I, was head of both church & state (1603-1625). He saw that if this minority didnt follow him spiritually, they wouldnt politically. So, they were thus considered a threat.

• Most famous congregation of Separitists
• Flee royal wrath, went to Holland (1608)
• After 12 yrs of toil and poverty, and fear of their children undergoing Dutchification, they negotiated with the Virginia Company, and sailed off.
• Mayflower got lost and wound up off the coast of New England, 1620
• Fewer than half were Separitists
• Captain Myles Standish (Captain Shrimp)- later Indian fighter and negotiator
• area they were on, they were Squatting.

• First winter of 1620-1621= HORRIBLE.
• Only 44/102 survivied
• Next autumn, broght harvests (Thanksgiving Day)
• Found economic legs in fur, fish, and lumber
• William Bradford
• ^prominent leader, chosen gvnr 30 times in annual elections
• ^Self-taught scholar
• ^his fear: that non-Puritan settlers would corrupt his godly experiment.
• This colony would never be important economically nro numerically, but morally and spiritually.

• Charles I dismisses Parliament in 1629, and begins anti-Puritan persecutions. (Backing up Archbishop William Laud, reactionary religiousman, against Puritans)
• That same year, a group of non-Sepatatist Puritans, secured royal charter to make MBC.
• Stole a march from King & Queen, and were off. Denied they wanted to separate from CoE, only from its impurities
• Expedition of 1630 had 11 vessels carrying nearly 1000 immigrants (start it off on largest scale evah)
• during The Great Migration, about 70thousand refugees left England, 20 thousand came to Massachusetts

• Pillar of English society
• Became colony's first governor
• Believed he had a "calling" from God to lead the new religious experiment.
• Served as governor and deputy governor for 19 years
• his skills helped Massachusetts propser.
• MBC shot to be the biggest and most influential.
• He helped to shape the theocratic policy of the colony and opposed broad democracy.
• Was the one who bitterly and successfuly rivaled against Anne Hutchinson's dissent.
• "We shall be as a city upon a hill" (beacon to humanity--religious and holy society, to serve as model for humankind)

• Unchurched men and all women could not vote.
• Town governments were much more inclusive, here male property owners could talk about community's issues, vote on them w/ majority-rule show of hands.
• NOT democracy, b/c Winthop.
• Freemen voted for governor annually, but Freemen could only be Puritans.
• Church & State= THE SAME
• Congregation had right to hire & fire its minister, but clergymen could not hold political office. (Their way of separating church and state)
• Protestant ethic: serious commitment to work and to engagement in wordly pursuits.

• Claimed that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation, and that those who were truly saved didn't need to bother to obey the law of either God or man.
• This assertion is known as antinomianism, and it was high heresy
• Brought to trial in 1638.
• Claimed that she had come by her beliefs from a direct revelatin from God, this was even higher heresy (B/C she was a woman, God would not speak to such a 'petty creature' as a woman)
• They banished her, she was later killed by Native Americans.

• Extreme Separist, hounded his fellow clergymen to make clean break w/ CoE
• Challenged legality of Bay Colony's charter, he condemned it for expropriating the land from Indians w/o fair compension.
• Went on to deny the authority of civil government to regulate religious behaviour (so, separation of church and state)
• 1635, Bay Colony banished him.
• With the help of some Native Americans, he fled to Rhode Island area in 1636.
• Rhode Island Sewer
• ^ Built a Baptist church, established complete freedom of religion. (No compulsory attendance at worshop, no taxes to support state church, even sheltered abused Quakers)
• ^His religious tolerance made Rhode Island the most liberal, and the most advanced in most Old World communities as well.
• ^Simple manhood suffrafe from start
• ^Opposed to special provilege of any sort, the inhabitants manages to achieve remarkable freedom of opportunity.
• ^Puritan clergy in Boston called it The Sewer

• valley of Connecticut River (highly fertile, one of the few) attracted Dutch and Engligh settlers
• Hartford, founded in 1635. Settled by an group of Puritans led by Reverend Thomas Hooker.
• 1639: settlers of New Connecticut River colony drafted the Fundamental Orders
• ^ Modern constitution, established regime democratically controlled by the "substantial" citizens.
• ^Connecticut would later borrow some essential features for its state constitution
• New Haven Settlement
• ^Founded by Puritans who wanted to set up an even closer Church/State alliance than Massachusetts
• ^ 1662, to the distress of the inhabitants, the crown granted a charter to Connecticut that mered New Haven w/ more democratic settlements of connecticut valley
• Maine, with its enterprising fishermen and fur traders, eventually got sold to the Massachusetts Bay Colony by Gorges heirs.

Puritans Versus Native Americans (*****)

not Indians, you ignorant biased shit book. :)

in PLYMOUTH COLONY

• Shortly before Pilgrims arrived, an epidemic swept through coastal tribes and killed more than 3/4 of natives.
• local Wampanoag Indians at first befriended the settlers.
• Squanto, was the translator (learned English from captain who had kidnapped him years back)
• Wampanoag chieftain Massasoit signed a treaty with the Pilgrims in 1621, and helped them celebrate first Thanksgiving.

• First serious armed conflict b/w indigenous people and settlers in New England
• Hostilities exploded in 1637 b/w settlers and powerful Pequot tribe.
• English militiamen and their Narragansett Indian allies killed 300+ Pequots.
• The slaughter was a brutal finish to the war, and it pretty much annihilated the Pequot tribe.

• King Philip, or Metacom, who was Massasoit's (from Wampanoag) son, had an alliance with the English, but after mutual hostilities, he mounted a series of coordinated assaults on English villages throughout New England.
• HUGE blow-out war between New England settlers and several native american tribes
• After all this, Metacom was beheaded and his head was put on display in Plymouth for years

• Launched in 1643, four colonies banded together
• Primary purpose of confederation was to defend themselves more efficiently against foes, or possible foes.
• Each member colony yielded two votes. (Sucked for MBC, which was the most populous colony)
• Consisted of: Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth, New Haven, and the scattered valley settlements of Connecticut. (So basically Massachusetts & Connecticut)
• Deemed a Puritan elite, they would constantly hate on the Rhode Island and Maine outposts (heretical! wah!)
• Confederation was 1st notable milestone on the road to colonial unity.
• Became semiautonomous commonwealths (b/c King didn't really pay too much attention)

• Imposed by London, much like the New England Confederation (but not "homegrown")
• Embraced ALL of New England, and later included New York and East & West Jersey.
• Also aimed at boistering colonial defense in an event of war (w/ Native Americans, etc)
• To Promote needed efficiency in the administration of English Navigation Laws
• ^ Laws reflected the intensifying colonial rivalries of 17th century
• ^sought to stitch England's overseas possessions more tightly to mum-land, by prohibiting American trade w/ countries not ruled by English Crown.
• ^^ Smuggling became increasingly common

Dominion of England

SIR EDMUND ANDROS

• Head of DoNE, he was an able English military man.
• Established headquarters in Boston, generated much hostility by his open affiliation with the despised CoE.
• Colonists also outraged by behaviour of his soldiers (drink, blaspheme, curse, and damn)
• He ruthlessly curbed the town meetings, laid heavy restrictions on courts press and schools, revoked all land titles.
• Taxed people w/o consent of elected representatives (NO TAXATION WIFFOUT REPRESENTATION stems from) 
• Enforced Navigation Laws, tried to suppress smuggling

• People of old England engineered the Glorious (bloodless) Revolution, in 1688-1689
• Dethroned despotic and unpopular Catholic James II, and enthroned Protestant rulers of Netherlands: William III and wife Mary (daughter of James II)
• When this news reached America, DoNE collapsed.
• Sir Edmund Andros attempted to flee (dressed in drag) but was caught and send off to England.

• Though Massachusetts was rid of Andros, it did not see as much changed as they hoped for.
• 1691- arbitraritly made royal colony (w/ new charter and new royal gvnr)
• Priviledge of voting was now for all male property holders, not just Puritan elite
• Inspired by old England's challenge to the crown, they themselves decided to strike against royal authority in North America
• New monarchs relaxed royal grip on colonial trade, so Navigation Laws were weakly enforced.
• Now many of the officials, English, were mostly corrupt and couldnt care less about America.

• Netherlands was going through a golden age, emerging as a major commercial and naval power, challenged supremacy of former benefactor, England
• Anglo-Dutch naval wars were fought in the seventeenth century, Dutch dealt blows as heavy as they received
• Dutch Republic became a leading colonial power
• Dutch East India Company, they employed English explorer Henry Hudson.
• Landed in Delaware Bay and New York Bay, ascended to Hudson River
• Filed a Dutch claim to this wooded and watered area
• New Netherland (Hudson River are) was planted in 1623-1624 on permanent basis
• Established by Dutch WEST India Company for quick profit fur trade. (2ndary interest for founders)
• Bought Manhattan Island from Native Americans
• New Amsterdam (later NYC) was a company town, run by and for Dutch company
• No enthusiasm for religious tolerance, free speech, or democratic parties, and gvnrs were usually harsh and despotic.
• Religious dissenters who opposed Dutch Reformed Church were regarded w/suspicion, and Quakers were for a while savagely abused.
• Dutch colony took on a strongly aristocratic tinge and retained it for generations.
• Cosmopolitan population, more than 18 different languages spoken on the streets.

• Native Americans outraged by Dutch cruelties, retaliate with massacres. (For defense, settlers on Manhattan island erected a wall--Wall Street name comes from)
• People of Connecticut finally ejected intruding Hollanders from verdant valleys.
• 3/4 members of New England Confederation wanted to wipe them out. Couldn't b/c Massachusetts vetoed it and they had the most troops.
• Swedes trespassed on Dutch preserves (1638-1655) by planting the colony of New Sweden on Delaware River.
• ^ Dutch dispatched small military expedition (1655), led by Peter Stuyvesant, absorbed New Sweden.

• New Netherlands was 1/2 immigrants from New England
• In 1664- Charles II granted area to brother, Duke of York, English squadron appeared and Peter Stuyvesant was forced to surrender. Now New Amsterdamn= New York.
• England now won a splendid harbour, strategically located, and the Hudson River. Now English banner waved triumphantly over a solid stretch of territory, from Maine to Carolinas
• New Nethereland retained many features of earlier, autocratic spirit, aristocracies, architecture, names, Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, sauerkraut, bowling, sleighing, skating, and golf.

• This group of dissenters arose in England during mid 1600s
• Officially known as the Religious Society of Friends
• Especially offensive to authorities (religious & civil)
• Refused to support CoE by paying taxes
• Built simple meetinghouses, congregated w/o paid clergy
• People of deep conviction

• Young englishman, father and society disapproved of his attraction and embracement of the Quaker faith
• In 1681, managed to secure an immense grant of fertile land from King.
• Once in Pennsylvania, he sent out paid agents and distributed pamphlets to attract immigrants
• Welcomed forward-looking spirits and substantial citizens.
• Spent about 4 years in Pennsylvania, never fully appreciated by colonists.
• Governors quarreled bitterly with peoples.

• Penn formally launches colony in 1681.
• Bought land from Native Americans (Chied Tammany, later patron saint of New York's political Tammany Hall)
• Treatment of the natives was very, very fair.
• BUT, non-Quaker European immigrants flooded province and begun hostilities with the NA's.
• Penn's new regime was very liberal and included a representative assembly elected by landowners
• No tax-supported Churches to drain money and require allegiance.
• Under pressure from London, he was forced to deny Catholics and Jews the priviledge of voting.
• Death penalty imposed only for treason and murder
• Humane Quakers developed hatred for black slavery
• Quakers were shrewd business people, so VERY wealthy colony
• Based on civil and religious liberty, and dedicated to freedom of conscience and worship.

• Middle colonies: New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania.
• Soil was fertile, land was broad
• Penn, NY, and NJ were known as the bread colonies, b/c heavy exports of grain
• Surprising amount of industry
• ^ Forests for lumbering & shipbuilding
• Growth of seaports
• Were midway b/w New England and southern plantation group.
• Local gvmt lay somewhere b/w the personalized town meeting of New England and diffused county gvmt of South.
• Population more ethnically mixed that that of other settlements.
• More religious toleration and democratic control