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| tied Jefferson for the presidency in the electoral college vote in 1800 and became vice president. He later killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel and was acquitted of conspiring to commit treason when he was party to a mysterious scheme involving the Southwest Territory |
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| first secretary of the treasury. He was the leading spokesman for a B national government and organized the Federalist party |
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| German mapmakers wrongly credited him with having discovered the New World and thus named it "America" in his honor |
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| organized a giant steel company, which dominated the industry for years. In his later years he turned his time and great wealth to philanthropic pursuits |
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| Massachusetts Bay Puritan who was banished for criticizing the colony's ministers and magistrates and for her adherence to the heresy of Antinomianism |
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| Philadelphia printer and critic of Pennsylvania's royal governors. He also expressed concern over the large number of clannish Germans who settled in the Pennsylvania backcountry. He later became an American diplomat and statesman in the Revolutionary War era |
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| took leadership of the Mormons when Joseph Smith was murdered in 1844. In 1847 he led the Mormons to the Great Salt Lake, Utah, their religious Zion beyond the frontier |
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| commanded British troops in the South in 1778-1781. He was surrounded and forced to surrender at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781, effectively ending the Revolutionary War |
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| an abolitionist senator from Massachusetts who, in 1856, was brutally beaten by a proslavery congressman for his "Crime Against Kansas" speech, a vituperative blast against proslavery southern politicians. After the Civil War, he was a leader of the Radical Republicans who demanded equal rights for freedmen |
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| Italian seafarer commissioned by the Spanish monarchs to establish a western trade route to the Orient; discovered the New World in 1492 and opened the Western Hemisphere to exploration and settlement from Europe |
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| developed a mechanical, horse-drawn reaper that multiplied several times over the acreage of wheat that a farmer could harvest in a given time |
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| In the early nineteenth century, she devoted herself to a campaign to improve the care of the insane. She traveled extensively inspecting asylums, prisons, and almshouses, but in the long run, her hopes for reform were not realized |
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| James, the brother of Charles II, became the proprietor of the English colony of New York in 1664 when it was seized from the Dutch |
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| the governor of the Dominion of New England. When appointed by James II in 1686, he set about abolishing the Massachusetts assembly and enforcing religious toleration. He was deposed in the wake of the England's Glorious Revolution in 1688 |
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| wrote the utopian novel "Looking Backward" in 1887. The book envisioned America in the future as a completely socialized society where all were equal |
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| the Spanish monarchs who sponsored and financed Christopher Columbus's voyages to the New World, hoping he would find a western, all-water route to the Orient that would give Spain access to Asian wealth and goods |
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| was a dark-horse candidate who won the Democratic party's presidential nomination from Lewis Cass and James Buchanan in 1852. He defeated the Whig candidate, Winfield Scott, in the election. He was not a strong leader |
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| former slave who escaped to the North and became active in the abolitionist movement. He was a determined campaigner against both slavery and racial prejudice |
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| historian of the West, emphasized the importance of the frontier to America's historical development. Other historians have since modified his view that the primary traits of the "American character" were attributable to the frontier experience |
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| a leading advocate of a paternalistic sociological defense of slavery. He argued that blacks needed the guidance, restraint, and protection of white masters. He also compared the treatment of southern slaves favorably to that of free blacks and to whites working in northern factories |
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| became the king's first minister in 1763. He was eager to reduce government spending, and he proposed the Sugar and Stamp acts to raise revenue in the colonies to defray the expenses of Britain's expanded empire |
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| wife and daughter of abolitionists, wrote "Uncle Tom's Cabin" in response to the Fugitive Slave Act. The emotive story presented slaves as real people and evoked sympathy for slaves among previously disinterested northerners. It was a bestseller |
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| a Virginia planter, was appointed commander in chief of the Continental Army in 1775. He was also the president of the Constitutional Convention in 1787 as well as the first president of the United States |
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| one of the preeminent leaders in Congress from the War of 1812 to the Compromise of 1850. He was instrumental in fashioning the Missouri Compromise, a compromise solution to the nullification crisis, and the Compromise of 1850. He also espoused the "American System" for national economic development |
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