a.       Wealthy nations – gold based

b.      Renaissance – optimism/humanism – we can do anything

c.       Trade routes

d.      Printing press – ideas spread

e.       Mariner’s compass – exploration possible

A.    Ponce de Leon – fountain of youth

B.     Pizarro – defeated Incas

C.     Cortez – defeated Aztecs/Montezuma

A.    Improved diet of Europeans – corn, tobacco, tomato, avocado – balanced

B.     Cattle, horses, germs to New World

1. Enclosure – small farmers forced out

                        2. Unemployed farmers

                        3. Primogeniture – oldest son

                        4. Joint Stock Company – investment

                        5. Peace with Spain

                        6. Adventure

7. LAND=MONEY= POWER!

A.    Jamestown – Virginia Company – Starving Time – Pocahontas – John Smith

a.       “He who shall not work shall not eat” – John Smith

b.      wrong type of explorers/colonists – age, gender, motivation – gold

c.       John Rolfe – Tobacco – “bewitching weed”

Puritans – Separatists – Holland – Mayflower – landed N. of Virginia

                                                                        ii.      Mayflower Compact – gov’t by majority

                                                                      iii.      Plymouth Colony – not large or important economically

Goal: change English religion from within – interact

                                                                          i.      Massachussetts  Bay Colony

                                                                         ii.      Church and state – theocracy

                                                                      iii.      Protestant work ethic – follow your calling – God likes effort

a.       Roger Williams “new and dangerous opinions”

Believed – pay Indians for land, separate church/state, outcasts

a.       Thomas Hooker – women’s rights – Fundamental Orders

fertile soil, industry, shipbuilding, some aristocrats, plantations/small – farms

a.       William Penn – pacifist, bought Indian land

People swaying from the lord – God all powerful – must return to church

A. Started by Jonathan Edwards – Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

B. Powerful, angry, animated speaking spread across colonies – United colonies

A. Germans – left for war, religion, bad economy – settle in Pennsylvania – not pro-British

            B. Scotts-Irish – Scottish kicked out of Ireland because not Catholic – settled in mountains

                        1. Lawless, individualistic – lived in Appalachian hills – whickey making

                        2. Not wanted by Germans or New Englanders – forced to hills

            C. Other groups embraced – French, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Irish, Swiss

            D. Largest immigrant group – slaves

a.       Sprit of self-reliance – decades of colonial legislatures, economicly indep.

b.      Religious annoyance – haven’t forgotten being kicked out

c.       England trying to improve trade/industry at America’s expense

d.      Colonists should pay for expense –no “taxation without representation”

e.       Enlightenment – well-read Jefferson, Adams

Mercantilism clashes with capitalism – trade w/ everyone

f. Navigation acts

Anti-British Propoganda

Thomas Paine

1763 – Proclamation of 1763 – Colonists can’t move west of Appalachian

1764 – Sugar Act – duties on sugar, textiles, coffee, wine

1764 – Currency Act – colonists can’t make paper money – how to trade?

176 5 – Stamp Act – all legal documents - $ goes back to England – a first

 1765 – Quartering Act – colonists house and feed British troops

1765 – Virginia Resolutions – Patrick Henry – only Virginia can tax

1767 – Towshend Acts – more taxes

1770 – Boston Massacre – 5 killed after harassment – propaganda wins

1772 – Gaspee ship attacked and burned – culprits threatened back to Engl

1773 – Boston Tea Party – Sons of Liberty mad Tea Act not enforced

1774 – Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts – punish Boston

Governeed until the Articles of Confederation 

  Lost power as war progressed – most talented returned to state

c.       Succeses – army, navy, marines, appointed George Washington, supplied army

d.      Failure – financing war – taxes optional, money worthless “not worth a Continental”

I.                  

a.       States jealous of others/competitive – 9 of 13 states to pass

b.      Taxes voluntary

c.       Fear of strong executive – no one to enforce laws

d.      Individual trade agreements w/ foreign nations & states – nobody wants to trade with U.S. – fearful of stability

e.       Still left England in possession of frontier

debtors can’t pay and rebel – proved to wealthy that something must be done – catalyst for Constitutional Convention

VA- large state plan – representation based on population

NJ- small state plan – every state receives equal rep

Created the House and the Senate

Slaves would count as 3/5 of the population

A.    if gov’t benefits wealthy, they’ll invest in gov’t

a.       Assume all debt of states – Virginia already paid off debt – get D.C.

b.      Debt good – more people owed, more have stake in success of gov’t

c.       Tariff taxes + duties on whiskey

d.      National Bank – Jefferson wanted states to control $, Hamilton wins

                                                                          i.      First National Bank – 1791-1811 – Philadelphia

executive tough – sent in thousands to put down

Jefferson uses power

Virginia/Kentucky Resolutions

Wanted New Orleans, got all of Louisiana Territory

2. Doubled size, 3 cents per acre

3. Created Constitutional Conflict – loose/strict interpretation

a. Says nowhere in Constitution about buying land – Jefferson hypocrite?

                        4. Lewis and Clark explore – sets off wave off Westward movement

                        5. Increases nationalism – pride for U.S.

                        6. Federal gov’t power now shifting West – away from New England/Virg

Henry Clay’s idea federal gov’t pays for roads, canals, businessProtects American business through high tariffs – 25% - buy US goods vs. better/cheaper European goods

- stay out of forgein affairs

-no pernament alliances

-neutrality

-no political parties

trade with anyone – totally fails/destroys econ

to deal with the French Revolution and British taking US ships

New England threatens to leave Union

 ended the Federalist party

war hero, man’s man, self-made wealth, westerner – “old hickory” “man of the people”

  give gov’t jobs to people who helped get elected

                                                                                         “Kitchen cabinet” – old friends

attempt to return to conservative religious practice

                        1. Effects – more converted, some churches destroyed, others created

                                    a. Methodists/Baptists – poor attracted/non-traditional

                        2. Camp Meetings – traveling preachers, thousands gather, get “saved”

design perfect societies where everyone works together

A.    Over 40 attempted – failed – uncommon sexual practices + lazy people

a.       People end up desiring independence and market economy/free enterprise

B.     Oneida – free love, male birth control

C.     Shakers – religious group, eugenic selection of parents

a.       1854 split territories– dissenters create Republican Party

Popular Sovereignty – let states decide for themselves – ignore 1820 compromise

50% sign oath + emancipation guarantees

to rejoin the union with all privileges of other states

wealthy deserve it – inherently better

                        1. Poor by own shortcomings – “Acres of Diamonds” – poor deserve it

– help immigrants in exchange for votes – government leaders then have to give them kick-backs/money from government projects

creates Interstate Commerce Commission – supposed to regulate commerce, but hard to enforce – at least it’s a step to regulate monopolies

Farmer’s Alliance – big gains in 1892 election

                        A. Free coinage silver – 16 to 1 ration

                        B. Graduated income tax based on wealth

                        C. Government ownership of utilities – railroad, telephone, telegraph – think Monopoly

                        D. Direct election of Senators/ One term presidents

                        E. Initiatives and Referundums for civilians to control municipal issues

                        F. Shorter workday

                        G. Immigration Restriction

                        H. Solicited black vote – black participation only increased anti-voting laws in South

Russia realizes too hard to keep, and might lose in a battle with Britain

            A. Why America? Buffer zone.

            B. America agrees – 1) Russia helped Civil War, 2) oil, gas, gold fish

            C. William Seward – “Seward’s Folly” and “Seward’s Icebox” – started anti-imperialism

Settlement House movement

                        1. Neighborhood activities, counseling, childcare, education for the poor

publishers make money off exposing ills of society – term given by Teddy Roosevelt

            A. Magazines – McClures, Cosmopolitan, Colliers

                        1. Lincoln Steffens – Shame of the Cities – business and cities have corrupt alliance

                        2. Ida Tarbell – Standard Oil Company – how monopolistic practices destroy small companies