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| Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development social services. |
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| Main source of federal aid to state and local governments. They are federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes, or “categories,” of state and local spending. They come with strings attached, such as non-discrimination provisions. |
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| A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. They may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly. |
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| A system of government in which both the sates and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies. |
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| Authorizes Congress to pass all laws “necessary and proper” to carry out the enumerated powers. |
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| Powers of the federal government that are secifically addressed in the Constitution. |
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| A legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed. |
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| A way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same land and people. It is a system of shared power between units of government. |
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| The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government’s relations with state and local governments. |
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| Federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations. |
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| A clause in Article IV, Section I, of the Constitution requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgments rendered by the courts of other states. |
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| A landmark case decided in 1824 in which the Supreme Court interpreted very broadly the clause in Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution giving Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce, encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity. |
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| Powers of the federal government that go beyond those enumerated in the Constitution. |
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| Intergovernmental Relations |
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| The workings of the federal system—the entire set of interactions among national, state, and local governments. |
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| An 1819 Supreme Court decision that established the supremacy of the national government over state governments. In deciding this case, Chief Justice John Marshall and his colleagues held that Congress had certain implied powers in addition to the enumerated powers found in the Constitution. |
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| Privileges and Immunities |
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| A clause in Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution according citizens of each state most of the privileges of citizens of other states. |
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| Federal categorical grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of merits of application. |
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| Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. |
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| The constitutional amendment stating that “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.” |
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| When the federal government requires state and local action but does not provide the funds to pay for the action. |
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| A way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in the central government. |
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