Term
due process clause of the fifth amendment
and equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment
what do they extend to?? |
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Definition
- 1. extends to the federal gov't of the same protections for citizens
- 2. extended to cover the actions of the states |
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Term
classification- basis for?
what is the question for it ? |
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Definition
has become the basis for determining equal protection cases under the 14th amendment..
- does a state or federal law discriminate unjustly against a group or classification? |
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Term
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Definition
| traditional test where gov'ts must show that a reasonable relationship exists between the purpose of the law or action and the classification that is made |
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Term
| heightened/ medium scrutiny - |
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Definition
test applies to quasi-suspect classifications ( GENDER BASED )
- gov'ts must prove that important government objects exist for the gender based law and how the classification is closely related to those purposes |
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Term
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Definition
highest standard
- applies to laws or actions that deal with suspect classifications ( based on race & national origin ) or fundamental rights ( rights guaranteed under constitution)
- to have these upheld, gov't must prove a compelling need.. no other way to achieve it except through classification |
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Term
civil rights act of 1957
- major beneficiaries
-major provisions |
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Definition
-african americans
-bans discrimination in voting in federal elections |
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Term
Equal Pay Act of 1963
- major beneficiaries
-major provisions |
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Definition
- all employess ( WOMEN )
- equal pay for male and female workers doing the same job |
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Term
Civil Rights Act of 1964
- major beneficiaries
-major provisions |
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Definition
- african americans, other minorities, women
- prohibits discrimination in public accomodations, authorizes U.S attorney general to intervene on behalf of victims of discrimination, forbids employers and unions to discriminate against minorities and women, enables federal gov't to withhold funding from projects in which discrimination exists, forbids the use of different standards for whites and african americans applying register to vote |
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Term
Voting Rights Act of 1965 - major beneficiaries
-major provisions |
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Definition
-african americans
-allows the federal gov't to register voters in localities where literacy tests and similar restirctions were in effect as of Nov 1, 1964 and where less than half the eligible voters had been registered and voted in the 1964 federal election ( most of the south ) |
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Term
Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, 1978
- major beneficiaries
-major provisions |
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Definition
- older americans
- prohibits job discrimination against workers 40 to 65, changed compulsory retirement age to 70 (compulsory retirement age since eliminated) |
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Term
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Title VIII (Open Housing Act)
- major beneficiaries
-major provisions |
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Definition
- african americans, minorities, women
-prohibits discrimination in the sale or rental of housing |
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Term
Higher Education Act of 1972, Title IX
- major beneficiaries
-major provisions |
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Definition
-women
-prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender in any educational program using federal funding |
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Term
Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975
- major beneficiaries
-major provisions |
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Definition
-children with physical and mental disabilities
-entitles all children, regardless of diability, to an education at public expense |
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Term
Voting Rights Act of 1982
- major beneficiaries
-major provisions |
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Definition
-minorities
-requires states to redistrict in such a way that majority-minority representation will be ensured |
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Term
Civil Rights Act of 1988
- major beneficiaries
-major provisions |
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Definition
-african americans, hispanics, asians, women
- ammended 1968 law against discrimination in the sale of rental of housing, removes from the victims the responsibility for bringing charges against those who discriminated against minorities in renting or selling housing and placed it with the justice department |
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Term
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
- major beneficiaries
-major provisions |
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Definition
-people with disabilities
-prohibits discrimination in employment because of a disability, requires businesses and public agencies to make facilities accessible to those with disabilities, requires employers to make reasonable accomodations to employees' and potential employees' disabilities |
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Term
Civil Rights and Women's Equity in Employment Act of 1991
- major beneficiaries
-major provisions |
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Definition
-women
-requires proof from employers that any differences in hiring and promotion are because of the requirements of the job |
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Term
Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993
- major beneficiaries
-major provisions |
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Definition
-families
-requires employers of 50 or more workers to grant up to twelve weeks of unpaid leave for the birth or adoption of a child or the illness of a close family member; a man or women may request the leave |
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Term
Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993
- major beneficiaries
-major provisions |
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Definition
-families
-requires employers of 50 or more workers to grant up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave for the birth or adoption of a child or the illness of a close family member; a man or woman may request the leave |
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