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| Electoral victory of Democratic Republicans over the Federalists, who lost their Congressional majority and the presidency. The peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system. |
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| A system, prevalent during the Gilded Age, in which political parties granted jobs & favors to party regulars who delivered votes on election day. Patronage was both an essential well-spring of support for both parties & a source of conflict within the Republican party. |
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| Passed by the departing Federalist Congress, it created sixteen new federal judgeships ensuring a Federalist hold on the judiciary. |
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| Federal justices appointed by John Adams during the last days of his presidency. Their positions were revoked when the newly elected Republican Congress repealed the Judiciary Act. |
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| Supreme Court case that established the principle of "judicial review"-the idea that the Supreme Court had the final authority to determine consitutionality. |
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| Four-year conflict between the American navy & the North African nation of Tripoli over piracy in the Mediterranean. Jefferson, a staunch noninterventionist, reluctantly deployed American forces, eventually securing a peace treaty with Tripoli. |
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| Acquisition of Louisiana Territory from France. The purchase more than doubled the territory of the United States, opening vast tracts for settlement. |
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| Team of adventures, led by Merriweather Lewis & William Clark, sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore Louisiana & find a water route to the Pacific. Louis & Clark brought back detailed accounts of the West's flora, fauna, & native populations, & their voyage demonstrated the viability of overland travel to the West. |
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| Edicts issued by the British Crown closing French-owned European ports to foreign shipping. The French responded by ordering the seizure of all vessels entering British ports, thereby cutting off American merchants from trade with both parties. |
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| Act of forcibly drafting an individual into military service, employed by the British navy against American seamen in times of war against France, 1793-1815. Impressment was a continual source of conflict between Britain & the United States in the early national period. |
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| Conflict between Britain & the United States that precipitated the 1807 embargo. The conflict developed when a British ship, in search of deserters, fired on the American Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia. |
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| Enacted in response to British & French mistreatment of American merchants, the Act banned the export of all goods from the Untied States to any foreign port. The Embargo placed great strains on the American economy while only marginally affecting its European targets, & was therefore repealed in 1809. |
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| Passed alongside the repeal of the Embargo Act, it reopened trade with all but the two belligerent nations, Britain & France. The Act continued Jefferson's policy of economic coercion, still with little effect. |
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| Aimed at resuming peaceful trade with Britain & France, the act stipulated that if either Britain or France repealed its trade restrictions, the United States would reinstate the embargo against the nonrepealing nation. When Napoleon offered to lift his restrictions on British ports, the United States was forced to declare an embargo on Britain, thereby pushing the two nations closer to war. |
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| Democratic-Republican Congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain. Largely drawn from the South & West, the war hawks resented British constraints on American trade & accussed the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the Frontier. |
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| Resulted in the defeat of Shawnee chief Tenskuatawa, "The Prophet" at the hands of William Henry Harrison in the Indiana Wilderness. After the battle, The Prophet's brother, Tecumseh, forged an alliance with the British against the United States. |
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| Elected President in 1800 & promised a Revolution. He was mainly inconsistent during his Presidency. |
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| Black slave of Thomas Jefferson whom he had five children with. |
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| Swiss-born Secretary of the Treasury under Thomas Jefferson; reduced the national debt greatly. |
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| Elected Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Adams' midnight judges appointments; maintained a Federalist attitude in his rulings. |
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| Unpopular Supreme Court justice who was not convicted of treason by John Marshall. |
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| Military leader/dictator of France who sold French land to the U.S. for $15 million in 1803. |
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| Regular minister in New Orleans who single-handedly double the U.S.'s size by agreeing to the Louisiana Purchase before Monroe even got there. |
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| Leader of a slave revolt against the French on the island of Santo Domingo. |
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| Personal secretary of Jefferson who also explored the Louisiana Purchase & beyond with Sacajawea & William Clark. |
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| Young army officer who explored the Louisiana Purchase & beyond wiht Merriweather Lewis & Sacajawea. |
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| Former Vice President of Jefferson who wasn't reelected, dueled Alexander Hamilton, & was found not guilty of treason; was later exiled to Europe. |
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| Third president of the United States; pressured by war hawks to enter into the War of 1812. |
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| Brothers with Tenskwatawa; killed at the Battle of Thames fighting for the redcoats. |
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| Tenskwatawa ("The Prophet") |
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| Gathered Indian tribes together & prepared for a revolution & war that they ultimately lost. |
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