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| method by which landless farmers rented land; it was designed to keep the poor in constant debt. |
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| "separate but equal" facilities for the different races was legal |
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| Southern black born into slavery; promoted economic independence as the means by which blacks could improve their lot; founded Tuskegee Institute |
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| gave the nation its first standardization method of time-telling; railroad schedules were determined |
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| government passed this when it was realized that the Great Plains region had the potential to become the nation's chief agricultural center; provided money for agricultural colleges. |
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| gave tracts of land to those who left the reservations; its goal was to accelerate the assimilation of Native Americans into Western society by integrating them more closely with whites; Native Americans naturally resisted. |
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| era between Reconstruction and 1900; politics looed good, but just beneath the surface lay crass corruption and patronage. |
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| created a federal Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate unfair railroad practices. |
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| passed in response to charges of patronage in the awarding of govt. jobs; created the Civil Service Commission. |
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| created by Pendleton Act to oversee examinations for potential govt. employees. |
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| more successful than the Grange movement, and soon grew into a political party called the People's Party, the political arm of the Populist movement. (held convention in 1892) |
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| called for govt ownership of railroads and telegraphs, a graduated income tax, direct election of US senators, and shorter workdays. |
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| 1896, Democrat, backed by Populists; ran on a strictly populist platform; based campaign on the call for "free silver"; ran against William McKinley |
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| group of investers who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the king. |
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| taught the English what crops to plant and how to plant them |
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| 1619, established in Virginia; property-holding, white males could vote. |
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| 1629; larger and more powerful colony; established by Congregationalists (Puritcans who wanted to reform the Anglican church from within); began "The Great Puritan Migration" (1629-1642) |
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| teacher in Salem Bay settlement; taught a number of controversial principles, among them that church and state should be separate. |
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| colonies owned by one person, who usually received the land as a gift from the king |
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| shipping route that brought the slaves to the Americas; it was the middle lef of the triangular trade route among the colonies, Europe, and Africa. |
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| Although England regulated trade and govt in its colonies, it interfered in colonial affairs as little as possible. |
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| hard currency, such as coins |
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| passed b/w 1651 and 1673; required colonists to buy goods only from England, to sell certain of its products only to England, and to import any non-English goods via English ports and pay a duty on those imports |
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| 1690s; British attempt to strengthen Navigation Acts; military-style courts, in which defendants were not entitled to a jury |
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| New England Confederation |
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| most prominent effort of the colonists to toward centralized govt |
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| an English govt attempt to clamp down on illegal trade |
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| ended Dominion of New England; overthrew James II and replaced him with William and Mary. |
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| 1730-1760; colonies experienced a wave of religious revivalism |
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| carolinas; concentrated on cash crops such as tobacco and rice; slavery played important role |
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| prvided for an intercolonial govt and a system for collecting taxes for the colonies' defense |
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| (French and Indian War); Between France (along with Indians) against Britain. 1754-1763 |
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| forbade settlement west of the rivers running through the Appalachians |
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| members of Parliament represented all British subjects regardless of who elected them. |
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| licenses that gave the British the power to search any place they suspected of hiding smuggled goods |
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| a small, colonial militia; reputedly could be ready to fight on a minute's notice |
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| "the shot heard around the world" |
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| negotiated by Ben Franklin in 1778, brought the French into the war on the side of the colonists. |
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| granted the US independence and generous territorial rights |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| 1777; first national constitution; contained many flaws |
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| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
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| seen as a forerunner to the Bill of Rights and other progressive govt policies; abolished slavery from the NW territories |
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| largely the brainchild of James Madison, called for an entirely new govt based on the principle of checks and balances |
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| appalled by the absence of a bill of rights in the Constitution |
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| strong central govt and weak state govts |
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| argued that the Constitution allowed Congress only those powers specifically granted to it or those "necessary and prper" to the execution of its enumerated powers |
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| govt could do anything in the execution of those enumerated powers that was not explicitly forbidden by the Constitution |
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| allowed the govt to forcibly expel foreigners and to jail newspaper editors for "scandalous and malicious writing"; aimed at destroying the Democratic-Republicans |
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| Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions |
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| drafted by Madison; argued that the states had the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws. |
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| 1803; established the principle of judicial review; Supreme Court had responsibility for reviewing the constitutionality of Congressional acts |
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| major turning point in presidential elections; prior to 1824, electors had been chosen by a variety of methods |
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| beginning of the modern political party system |
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| election of 1836; party formed in opposition to Jackson |
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| people trade their labor or goods for cash, which they then use to buy other people's labor or goods |
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| invented cotton gin in 1793; revolutionized Southern agriculture by making it much easier to remove seeds from cotton plants |
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