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| Three Steps in the Sensation Process |
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Definition
1. physical stimulus
2. physiological response
3. sensory or psychological experience |
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- receptor fields: excited in central areas
- sensory neuron
- brainstem
- contralateral thalamus
- primary sensory cortex: topographical parts relative to body.
complexity and integration an ascent.
- posterior parietal cortex: integration with other senses |
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Definition
o Transformation of one form of energy to another
o Sensory events are transduced or transferred into changes in the cell’s membrane potential |
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Amount or intensity of energy present
• Ie: dull or bright light |
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Kind of energy present
• Ie: red or yellow light |
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| As information proceeds up the brain, it is integrated and more complex |
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| the smallest amount of stimulus we can detect 50% of the time |
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: the effects of the distractions and interferences we experience while perceiving the world
o How motivated we are to detect certain stimuli and what we expect to perceive
o Types: Hit, Miss, False alarm, Correct rejection |
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| Just Noticible difference |
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Definition
| the smallest amount of change needed in a stimulus before we detect a change |
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Definition
| JND is dependent on the amount of stimulus already present |
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Definition
• Receptor cell: a cell that responds to a certain stimulus
• Receptive field: a region of space in which the presence of a stimulus will alter the firing of that neuron
• Transduction: signals are converted into neural impulses
• Contralateral shift: opposite sides process |
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physical stimulation that is available to be measured by an observer’s sensory apparatus (2D)
o Ie: when a person “sees” a dog, it is because the dog (distal stimulus) created a retinal image (proximal stimulus)
o What I see in my head |
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Definition
o Light first enters the eye through the cornea, a protective covering which also helps focus the light
o Then through the pupil, which is like a shutter of the camera
• The muscles that allow more or less light in are called the iris
o Light that enters is focused by the lens, and the image is flipped and inverted
o The focused inverted image projects on to the retina
• Transduction occurs when light activates the neurons there |
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Definition
• Cones and rods: directly activated by color and black and white light respectively
o Rods outnumber cones and are distributed throughout the retina
o Cones are concentrated towards the center
o Fovea: highest concentration of cones in the retina
o If enough cones and rods activate, they trigger the next layer of bipolar cells
• Bipolar cells
o If enough bipolar cells fire, ganglion cells are activated |
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Definition
- made up of ganglion cells
- sends impulses to specific regions in the thalamus
- divided laterally |
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| Where the nerves cross eacother |
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| the spot where the optic nerve leaves the retina, thus, has no rods or cones |
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| ie man who mistook his wife for a hat |
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Different wavelengths are different colors
RoyGbiv..shortest to longest |
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- make up optic nerve
- helpful in color processing |
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| Young- Helmholtz Theory (Trichromatic color processing) |
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Definition
| three types of cone cells in the retina: blue, green, and red |
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| Opponent Process Theory of Color Vision |
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Definition
sensory receptors arranged in the retina come in pairs: red/green, yellow/blue, and black/white
• If one sensory is stimulated, its pair is inhibited from firing |
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Term
| o Subtractive Color Mixing: |
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Definition
| combination of pigments, eyes absorb color to see it, you see black |
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| combining light to get white light |
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o Sound waves are collected by outer ear, or pinna
o Waves travel down auditory canal
o Ear drum vibrates as sounds hit it
o Ossicles, a series of small bones: hammer, anvil, stirrup
• Transmits eardrum vibration to the oval window
o Cochlea, a structure filled with fluid
• Floor of it is the basilar membrane
• Lined with hair cells which move when the fluid moves
• Transduction occurs |
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Definition
| we sense pitch because the hair cells move in different places in the cochlea |
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Definition
| we sense pitch because hair cells fire at different rates in the cochlea |
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| something goes wrong with the system of conducting the sound to the cochlea |
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| Cutaneous and tactile receptors |
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| Cutaneous and tactile receptors |
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| how body is oriented in space. determined by canals in our inner ear |
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| position and orientation of specific body parts |
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