• Discovered classical conditioning
• Dogs salivated from thing other than meat normally associated with recieving meat (i.e. the trainers or the sound of a bell)

• Proecess by which a neutral stimulus/conditioned stimulus (bell) gains the ability to elicit a condtioned response (salivation) through repeated pairings of an uncondtioned stimulus (meat) with neutral conditioned stimulus
• Proceeds rapidly at first,increasing as the number of pairings between conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus increases
• There is a limit on this effect

• Little Albert was introduced to a netural stimulus, which was a white and fluffy rat.
• This stimulus was paired with a loud noise, which frightened Little Albert
• The pairing of the loud noise with the rat caused a conditioned response, which emerged in a fear response to rats
• This fear response became generalized to anything white and fluffy
• John Watson presiding psychologist on experiment

• If a response is followed by a reqrds, then that response will be strenghtened
• Response with no reward/punishment is weakened

• Psychologist who worked with stimulus/event that increases the probability that the response it follows will be repeated
• The Skinner Box: Trained pidgeons to complete certain sequences of events (Pigeon torpedos, pingpong, etc.)
• Shaping: Reqrding successive approximations of a target behavior

• Works to increase a behavior by adding a pleasant stimulus
• i.e. Gold stars

• Works to increase a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus
• i.e. Allowing the class to go early for behaving well

• Works to decrease a behavior by adding an unpleasant stimulus
• i.e. spanking, added chores

• Works to decrease a behavior by removing a pleasant stimulus
• Removing freedom through grounding

• Subject gets a reward based on the interval of time
• i.e. getting paid by the hour

• The amount of time varies for the reward to be given
• i.e. Going fishing (variable time until a fish is caught)

• A reward is given for the completion of a set number of behaviors
• i.e. Piecework--paid $10 for every five necklaces 

• The number of behaviors rquired for the reward varies
• i.e. Slot machines--the number of pulls for a jackpot is random
• People will work the hardest for this kind of reinforcement

• Also known as observational learning
• People learn through observing the behaviors of others
• Acquisition of and,later, action on new information, concepts or behaviors demonstrated by others
• Can be included with reinforcement (learning consequences)

• Ran the Bobo Doll experiment--2 groups of kids showed video tapes of adults interacting with Bobo Doll
• 1st group shown a tape of violent behavior (i.e. punching, kicking) and perfomred similarly
• 2nd group shown nice behavior and treated the dolls nicely.
• When released into a room with many toys after a violent tape, some immediately went and hit on the Bobo doll like in the tape, others eventually went over, and the rest didn't go over but still exhibited attitudinal changes
• Results: Media affects some people in some manner some of the time; live models aren't needed

1. Attention: How much we consciously focus on other's behaviors
2. Retention: Our ability to retain a representation of other's behavior in memory
3. Production Process: Our ability to act on these memory representations
4. Motivation: Theusefullness to us of the information acquired

• The process of mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of a solution occurs
• "Aha" phenomenon: sudden realization
• Wolfgang Kohler studied this aspect with apes as they used problem solving to receive fruit

• Studied rats going through mazes
• Rats retained the information of the mazes (cognitive mapping) but showed no reason to exhibit their discoveriees until a reward was given
• When the reward was given, there was proof of latent learning

The presentation of behavior from which an individual may learn