Term
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Definition
| a lasting change in behavior or mental processes that results from experience |
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Definition
| learning not to respond to the repeated presentation of a stimulus |
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Definition
| a learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed. |
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Definition
| forms of learning, such as classical conditioning and opperant conditioning, that can be described in terms of stimuli and responses. |
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Definition
| a form of behavriol learning in which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the power to elicit the same innate reflex produced by another stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| any stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning. When it is brought into a conditioning experimetn, the researcher wil call it a condtioned stimulus (CS). The assupmtion is that some conditions occur after even one paring of the CS and UCS |
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Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| In classical conditioning, the stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response. |
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Term
| Unconditioned response (UCR) |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, the response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning. |
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Definition
| the initial learning stage in classical conditioning, during which the conditioned reponse comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus. |
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Term
| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| In classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit the conditioned response. Customarily, in a conditioning experiment, the neutral stimulus is called a conditioned stimulus when it is first paired with an UCS |
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Term
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, a reponse elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus. |
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Term
| Extinction (in classical conditioning) |
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Definition
| the weakening of a condtioned response in the absence of an uncondiotioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| the reapperance of an extinguished condtioned response after a time delay. |
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Definition
| the extension of a learned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus |
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Definition
| a change in responses to one stimulus but not to stimuli that are similar. |
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Definition
| a pattern of erratic behavior resulting from a demanding discrimination learning task, typically one that involves aversive stimuli. |
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Definition
| a biological tendency in which an orghanism learns, after a single experience, to avoid a food with a certain taste, if eating it is followed by illness. |
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Definition
| an observable, voluntary behavior that an organism emits to operate on, or have an effect upon the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of behariol learning in which the probability of a response is changed by its consequences - that is, by the stimuli that follow the response |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that responses that produced desirable results would be learned, or "stamped" into the organism |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition (involving either the presentation or removal of a reinforcer) that occurs after a response and strengthens the response. |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus presented after a response and incrasing the probability of that response happening again. |
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Term
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Definition
| the removal of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus, contigent on a particular behavion. Compare with punishment |
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Definition
| a boxlike apparatus that can be programmed to deliver reinforcers and punishers contigent on an animal's behavior; "skinner box". |
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Term
| reinforcement contingencies |
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Definition
| relationships between a response and the changes in stimulation that follow that response. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of reinforcement scheduled by which all correct responses are reinforced |
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Term
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Definition
| an operant learning technique in which a new behavior is produced by reinforcing responses that are similar to the desired response. |
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Term
| intermittent reinforcement |
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Definition
| a type of reinforcement schedule by which some, but not all, correct responses are reinforced; also called patrial reinforcement |
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Term
| extinction (in operant conditioning) |
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Definition
| a process by which a response that has been learned is weakened by the absence or removal of reinforcement. (compare to classical conditioning) |
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Term
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Definition
| programs specifyin the frequency and timing of reinforcements |
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Term
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Definition
| a program by which reingforcement depends on the nukber of correct responses |
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Term
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Definition
| a program by wich reinforcement depends on the time interval elapsed since the last reinforcement |
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Term
| fixed ratio (FR) schedules |
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Definition
| programs by which reinforcement is contingent on a certain, unwavarying number of responses. |
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Term
| variable ratio (VR) schedules |
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Definition
| reinforcement programs by which the number of responses required for a reinforcement varied form trial to trial. |
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Term
| fixed interval (FI) schedules |
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Definition
| programs by which reinforcement is contingent on a certain, fixed time point. |
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Term
| Variable interval (VI) schedules |
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Definition
| programs by which the time period between reinforcements varies form trial to trial |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcers, such as fodd and sex, that have an innate basis because of their biological value to an oraganism |
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Term
conditioned reinforcers
or
secondary reinforcers |
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Definition
| stimuli, such as money or tokens, that acquire their reinforcing power by a learned association with primary reinforcers. |
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Term
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Definition
| a theraputic method, based on operant conditioning, by which individulas are rewared with tokens, which act as secondary reinforcers; these can be redeemed for a variety of rewards and priviledges |
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Term
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Definition
| a more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| an aversive stimulus which, occuring after a response, diminshes the strength of that response. (Compare with negative reinforcement) |
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Term
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Definition
| the application of an aversive stimulus after a response. |
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Term
| omission training (negative punishment) |
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Definition
| the removal of a appetitive stimulus after a response, leading to a decrease in behavior. |
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Definition
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Definition
| a form of cognitive learning, originally described by the Gestalt psychologists, in which problem solving occurs by means of a sudden reorginization of perceptions |
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Term
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Definition
| a mental representation of physicl space. |
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Definition
| a form of congnitive learning in whch new responses are acquired after watching others' behavior and the consequences of their behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| a biological process, involving physical changed that strengthen the synapses in groups of more cells, which is believed to be the neural basis of learning. |
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