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| The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
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| Suggests how we explain someone’s behavior- by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition |
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| Fundamental attribution error |
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| The tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition |
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| Feelings, often based on our beliefs that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events. |
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| Foot-in-the-door phenomenon |
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| The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. |
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| The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. |
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| Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard |
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| Normative social influence |
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| Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval |
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| Informational social influence |
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| Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality |
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| Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others |
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| The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. |
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| The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity |
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| The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group |
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| The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives |
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| An unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involved stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action |
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| A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people |
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| Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members |
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| “Us”- people with whom one shares a common identity |
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| “them”- those perceived as different or apart from one’s ingroup |
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| The tendency to favor one’s own group |
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| The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame |
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| The tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and they deserve what they get |
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| Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy |
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| Frustration-aggression principle |
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Definition
| The principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression. |
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| Perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas |
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| A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior |
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| The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them |
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| An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship |
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| The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined |
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| A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it |
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| Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others |
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| Unselfish regard for the welfare of others |
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| The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present |
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| The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs |
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| An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them |
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| Social-responsibility norm |
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| An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them |
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| A strategy designed to decrease international tensions |
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