Term
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Definition
| the procss by which stimlation of a sensory reeptor produces neural impulses taht the brain interprets as a sound, visual image, ordor, taste, pain, or other sensory image |
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Term
| What step is sensation in processing incoming information? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a process that makes sensory patterns meaningful |
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Term
| What does perception rely on to make words meaningful? |
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Definition
| memory, motivation, emotion, and other psychological processes |
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Term
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Definition
| transfromation of one form of energy into another-especially the transformation of stimulus information into nerve signals by the sense organs |
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Term
| What is sensory adaption? |
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Definition
| loss of responsiveness in receptor cells after stimulation has remained unchanged for a while |
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Term
| What is absolute threshold? |
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Definition
| The amount of stimulation necessary for a stimulus to be detected. In practice, this means that the presence or absence of a stimulus is dtected correctly half the time over many trials |
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Term
| What is difference threshold? |
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Definition
| the smallest amount by which a stimulus can be changed and the difference be detected half the time |
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Term
| What is just noticeable difference? |
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Definition
| same as the difference threshold |
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Term
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Definition
| this concept says that the size of a JND is proportional to the intesity of the stimulus; the JND is large when the stimulus intensity is high and is small when the stimulus intensity is high |
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Term
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Definition
| the magnitude of a stimulus can be estimated by the formula S= k log R, where S=sensation, R=stimulus, and k= a constant that differs for each sensory modality |
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Term
| What is Steven's power law? |
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Definition
| a law of magnitude estimation that is more accurate than Fechner's law and covers a wider variety of stimuli |
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Term
| What is the formula for Steven's power law? |
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Definition
| S=kl^a, S=sensation, k=constant, l= stimulus intensity, and a= a power exponent that depends on the sense of being measured |
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Term
| What is signal detection theory? |
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Definition
| explains how we detect "signals" consisting of stimulation affecting our eyes, ears, nose, skin, and other sense organs. |
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Term
| What does signal detection theory say about sensation? |
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Definition
| it's a judgment the sensory system makes about incoming stimulation, often occurs wouside of consciousness, and takes observer's characteristics into account |
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Term
| Why does the brain sense the world indirectly? |
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Definition
| because the sense organs convert stimulationinto the language of the nervous system-neural messages |
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Term
| How are the senses similar? |
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Definition
| they all operate in much of the same way |
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Term
| How are the senses different? |
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Definition
| each extracts different information and sends it to its own specialized processing region in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the thin, light-sensitive layer at the back of the eyeball |
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Term
| What does the retina contain? |
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Definition
| millions of photoreceptors and the other nerve cells |
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Term
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Definition
| light-sensitive cells(neurons) in the retina that convert light energy to neural impulses. The photoreceptors are as far as the light gets into the visual system |
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Term
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Definition
| photoreceptors in the retina that are especially sensitive to dim light but not to colors; are rod-shaped |
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Term
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Definition
| photoreceptors in the retina that are especially sensitive to colors but not to dim light; are cone-shaped |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny area of sharpest vision in the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| the bundle of neurons that carries visual information from the retina to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the point where the optic nerve exits the eye and where there are no photoreceptors. Any stimulus that falls on this area cannot be seen |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychological sensation caused by the intensity of light waves |
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Term
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Definition
| also called hue, color is not a property of things in the external world, rather it is a psychological sensation created in the brain from information obtained by the eyes from the wavelengths of visible light |
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Term
| What is the electromagnetic spectrum? |
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Definition
| the entire range of electromagnetic energy, including radio waves, X rays, microwaves, and visible light |
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Term
| What is the visible spectrum? |
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Definition
| the tiny part of the electromagnetic spectrum to which our eyes are sensitive. The visible spectrum of other creatures may be slightly different from our own |
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Term
| What is the trichromatic theory? |
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Definition
| the idea that colors are sensed by three different types of cones sensitive to light in the red, blue, and green wavelengths. |
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Term
| What does the trichromatic theory explain? |
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Definition
| the earliest stage of color sensation |
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Term
| What is the opponent-process theory? |
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Definition
| the idea that cells in the visual system process colors in complementary pairs such as red or green or as yellow or blue. |
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Term
| What does the opponent-process theory explain? |
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Definition
| it explains color sensation from the bipolar cells onward in the visual system |
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Term
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Definition
| sensations that linger after the stimulus is removed. Most visual are negative afterimages |
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Term
| What are negative afterimages? |
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Definition
| afterimages where the colors appear to be reveresed |
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Term
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Definition
| typically a genetic disorder that prevents an individual from discriminating certain colrs |
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Term
| What is the most common form of color blindness? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the number of cycles completed by a wave in a given amount of time usually a second |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical strength of a wave |
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Term
| How is amplitude usually measured? |
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Definition
| from the peak(top) to valley(bottom) on a graph of the wave |
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Term
| What is the tymapnic membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the primary organ ofhearing; a coiled tueb in the inner ear, where sound waves are transduced into nerve messages |
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Term
| What is the basilar membrane? |
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Definition
| a thin strip of tissue sensitive to vibrations in the cochlea |
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Term
| What does the basilar membrane contain? |
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Definition
| hair cells connected to neurons |
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Term
| Explain how the Basilar membrane works. |
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Definition
| when a sound wave causes the hair cells to vibrate, the associated neurons become excited. As a result, the sound waves are converted into nerve activity |
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Term
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Definition
| a sensory characteristic of sound produced by the frequency of the sound wave |
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Term
| What is the placebo effect? |
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Definition
| a response sto a placebo, caused by a subject's belief that they are taking real drugs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a sensory characteristic of sound produced by the amplitude of the sound wave |
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Term
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Definition
| the quality of a sound wave that derives from the wave's complexity |
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Term
| What is the greek word that timbre comes from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is conduction deafness? |
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Definition
| an inability to hear resulting from damabge to structures of the middle and inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| an inablity to hear, linked to a deficit in the body's ability to transmit impulses from the cochlea to the brain, usually involving the auditory nerve or higher auditory processing centers |
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Term
| What is another name for nerve deafness? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is vestibular sense? |
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Definition
| the sense of body orientation with respect to gravity. The vestibular sense is closely associated with the inner ear and, in fact, is carried to the brain on a branch of the auditory nerve |
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Term
| What is the kinesthetic sense? |
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Definition
| the sense of body position and movement of the body parts relative to each other |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chemical signals released by organisms to communicate with othermembers of their speicies |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sensory systems for processing touch, warmth, cold, texture, and pain |
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Term
| What is the gate-control theory? |
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Definition
| an explanation for pain control that proposes we have a neural "gate" that can, under some circumstances, block incoming pain signals |
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Term
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Definition
| the meaningful product of perception-often an image that has been associated with concepts, memories of events, emotions, and motives |
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Term
| What are feature detectors? |
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Definition
| cells in the cortex that specialize in extracting certain features of a stimulus |
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Term
| What is a binding problem? |
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Definition
| refers to the process used by the brain to combine the results of many sensory operations into a single percept |
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Term
| What is bottom-up processing? |
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Definition
| perceptual analysis that emphasizes characteristics of the stimulus, rather than our concepts and expectations |
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Term
| What is top-down processing? |
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Definition
| perceptual analysis that emphasizes the perceiver's expectations, concept memories, and other cognitive factos, rather than being driven by the characteristics of the stimulus |
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Term
| What is perceptual constancy? |
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Definition
| the ability to recognize the same object as remaining "constant" under different conditions, such as changes in illumination, distance, or location |
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Term
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Definition
| is an incorrect perception of a stimulus pattern, especially one that fools others who are observing the same stimulus |
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Term
| What is an ambiguous figure? |
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Definition
| an image that is capable of more than one interpretation, there is no right way to see an ambiguous figure |
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Term
| What is the Gestalt psychology? |
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Definition
| means "whole" or "form" or "configuration". the Gestalt psychologists beleived that much of perception is shaped by innate factors built into the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of a pattern that commands attention, the figure that stands out aginst the ground |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of a pattern that does not command attention; the background |
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Term
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Definition
| the Gestalt principle that identifies the tendency to fill in gaps in figures and to see incomplete figures as complete |
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Term
| What are Laws of perceptual grouping? |
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Definition
| the Gestalt principles of similarity, proximity, continuity, and common fate. |
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Term
| What do the Laws of perceptual grouping suggest? |
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Definition
| they suggest how our brains prefer to group stimulus elements together to form a percept |
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Term
| What is the Law of similarity? |
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Definition
| the Gestalt principle that we tend to group similar objects together in our perceptions |
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Term
| What is the Law of proximity? |
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Definition
| The Gestalt principle that we tend to group objects together when they are near each other |
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Term
| What is the Law of Continuity? |
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Definition
| the Gestalt principle that we prefer perceptions of connected and continuous figures to disconnected and disjointed ones |
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Term
| What is the Law of common fate? |
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Definition
| the Gestalt principle that we tend to group similar objects together that share a common motion or destination |
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Term
| What is the Law of Pragnanz? |
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Definition
| the most general Gestalt principle which states that the simplest organization will emerge as a figure |
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Term
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Definition
| information taken in by both eyes that aids in depth perception including binocular convergence and retinal disparity |
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Term
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Definition
| information about depth that relies on the input of just one eye-includes relative size, light, and shadow, interposition, relative motion, and atmospheric perspective |
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Term
| What is the learning-based inference? |
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Definition
| the view that perception is primarily shaped by learning rather than by innate factors |
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Term
| What is a perceptual set? |
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Definition
| readiness to detect a particular stimulus in a given context-as when a person who is afraid interprets an unfamiliar sound in the night as a threat |
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