Which of the following is not an example of how the debates of early philosphers ove the relationship of the precise measurements of the physical body and the vague measurements of the mind contributed to the birth of modern psychological study?

a. These early obeservations set the stage for proving real relationships of correlation and causation.

b. Analyzing and explaining opened the door to experimentation and more careful recording of success and failure of assertions.

c. Early philosophers acknowledged that personal bias was causing them to remember some facts and to ignore others more than they should have.

d: These debates help modern psychology students stop worrying about facts and focus more on gut feelings

Which of hte following is not true about Wundt's significant contributions to the scientific study of psychology?

a. He established the first scientific laboratory dedicated to the study of humans.

b. He disagreed with Sigmund Freud's focus on sexual influences.

c. He wanted to test objectively and observe philosophical principles of past writings.

d. He studied philosophy and psychology.

The focus of functionalism differed from the focus of structuralism by...

a. Trying to describe how cognitive structures combined emotions and sensations.

b. Trying to describe why cognitive structures combined emotions and sensations.

c. Looking only at the functioning of active people.

d. A and B

e. A, B, and C

objective; based purely on observable actions

Watson, Pavlov, Little Albert, classical conditioning, Skinner, operant conditioning

subconcious motivation, conflict

Freud; subconcious; determinism; anxiety; defense mechanism; neo-Freudians: Erikson, Horney, Alder, Jong

positive, hierarchy of needs

Maslow, Rogers, individual choice, free will, self-actualization, genuineness, unconditional positive regard

thought, interpretations, rethinking

Ellis, Glasser, belief, concious choice

Which of the people listed were likely to argue that you were a result of your nurture/learning/environment?

a. Aristotle and Locke

b. Plato and Descartes

Which of the people listed were likely to argue that you were a result of your nature/heredity/genes.

a. Aristotle and Locke

b. Plato and Descartes

When a study finds that children from Asian/Oriental families (living both inside and outside of Asia) do better in math and science activites than children from other racial families (living both inside and outside their native lands), the position of ________ is being supported most.

a. Nature

b. Nurture.

When a study finds that children who were hugged more from birth to kindergarten to better in academics and social adjustment when going to school, the position of _______ is being supported most.

a. Nature

b. Nurture

The first woman president of the American Psychological Association was _______

a. Margaret Floy Washburn

b. Mary Whiton Calkins

The first woman to receive a PhD in psychology was __________

a. Margaret Floy Washburn

b. Mary Whiton Calkins

Recently, in the U.S. and Britain, women are receiving ________ college degrees than men.

a. More

b. Less

Most therapists would be classified as involved in ________

a. Basic Research

b. Applied Research

c. Clinical Practice

Companies hiring a psycholgist to help in morale or productivity would be hiring someone practicing ____________

a. Basic Research

b. Applied Research

c. Clinical Practice

Research studies and findings would usually be reported by someone involved in __________

a. Basic Research

b. Applied Research

c. Clinical Practice

When writing an "educational guess" or describing your best guess about a theory you believe, your prediction of "if..., then..." is called a ________

a. Hypothesis

b. Theory

c. Replication

d. Definition

Freud's theories were based on his assumption that all or most people would think or react in the same way that he and his few patients reacted. This is an example of using a __________

a. Naturalistic Observation

b. Case Study

c. Survey

d. Longitudinal Study

Surveying the same person or people over many years is an example of __________

a. Naturalistic Observation

b. Case Study

c. Survey

d. Longitudinal Study

Asking many people the same question, then analyzing and reporting your findings, is an example of ________

a. Naturalistic Observation

b. Case Study

c. Survey

d. Longitudinal Study

Watching and evaluating someone in his or her home without disrupting her normal routine is an example of ________

a. Naturalistic Observation

b. Case Study

c. Survey

d. Longitudinal Study

When two factors are related but do not cause the other to increase (like sunburns and evaporation), they are ___________ to each other.

a. Unrelated

b. Stays the same

c. Increases

d. Correlated

e. Decreases

When a correlation of -.98 is reported as being associated between two factors, when one factor increases, the other factor ________

a. Unrelated

b. Stays the same

c. Increases

d. Correlated

e. Decreases

When you have chosen a sample of person based on every third person that walks by the library steps, you have used a ________ sample of people.

a. Random

b. Representative

c. Control

d. Experimental

If you want to discover if dunking cookies in to milk increases high school students' grades, you would need to compare the grades of the dunkers to the non-dunkers. You would classify the dunkers as the ________ sample of people.

a. Random

b. Representative

c. Control

d. Experimental

If you want to discover if dunking cookies in to milk increases high school students' grades, you would need to compare the grades of the dunkers with the non-dunkers. You would classify the non-dunkers as the _________ sample of people.

a. Random

b. Representative

c. Control

d. Experimental

Your high school has a unique make-up of genders, racial groups, religious affiliations, sports preferences, and political attitudes. You want a survey to have the same proportions of these groups. In order to do this you would need to carefully choose a ________ sample of these subgroups of people.

a. Random

b. Representative

c. Control

d. Experimental

Let's say you are purposefully trying to get Mrs. Wallace (your English teacher) to teach from the right side of the room. You do this by asking all of the students to look down when she is at the left side of the room, but to look up when she is at the right side of the room. Mrs. Wallace is not told that this is occuring, but all the students are aware. This is an example of a ___________ observation.

a. Single Blind

b. Double Blind

When an interviewer is asked to read or give questions to subjects to which he does not know the answers, he can not give intentional or unintention hints or cues. When this occurs it is a _________ survey.

a. Single Blind

b. Double Blind

A small standard deviation is an indication that two factors are ___________

a. Range

b. Similar

c. Dissimilar

d. Important

e. Significant

High measures of variability demonstrate how ________ factors being measured are.

a. Range

b. Similar

c. Dissimilar

d. Important

e. Significant

Large differences, reliable sample averages, large sample sizes, and non-chance differences are factors that identify a sample as statistically _________.

a. Range

b. Similar

c. Dissimilar

d. Important

e. Significant

When Grandpa Wisercrackin says, "It's gonna rain by tomorrow. My left hip is a-hurtin' again!" and it does rain when you wake tomorrow, you might suspect that his hip is a predictor of the weather. After years of being with him (and his hip is always right), you conclude that Grandpa's hip is a __________ predictor of rain.

a. Reliable

b. Unreliable

c. Valid

d. Invalid

Grandma Wisercrakin says "Oh no! Grandpa's hip is acting up again! Everytime his hip gets to hurtin' my kitchen floor gets dirty. I'm gonna get some of that pain-killin' medicine from the doctor. I hate havin' to mop so much!" Grandma has concluded that Grandpa's pain causes the dirty floor. The reality is that rain turns dirt and dust in to mud, which sticks to shoes and gets dragged in to the house. Grandpa's pain measures the potential of rain but does not cause it. Grandma's conclusion about Grandpa's hip pain is ________.

a. Reliable

b. Unreliable

c. Valid

d. Invalid

You are sitting on your porch one night thinking, looking at the stars and wondering what's really out there. These thoughts and analyses are common forms of _________.

a. Paranormal.

b. Extrasensory Perception

c. Daydreaming

d. Metacognition

e. Psychic Inquiries

The first psychology laboratory was established by ________ in the year __________.

a. Wundt; 1879

b. James; 1890

c. Freud; 1900

d. Watson; 1913

The seventeenth-century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory experience is ________.

a. Plato

b. Aristotle

c. Descartes

d. Locke

Which of the following perspectives describes the process of natural selection (traits that enhance an organism's ability to adapt are preserved while traits that reduce an organism's ability to adapt are diminished)?

a. Neuroscience Perspective

b. Evolutionary Perspective

c. Social-Cultural Perspective

d. Behavior-Genetics Perspective

e. Psychodynamic Perspective

Which seventeenth-century philosopher believed that some ideas are innate?

a. Aristotle

b. Plato

c. Descartes

d. Locke

The Greek philosopher who believed that intelligence was inherited was

a. Aristotle

b. Plato

c. Descartes

d. Simonides

The philosophical views of John Locke are to those of Rene Descartes as _________ is to _________.

a. Nature; Nurture

b. Nurture; Nature

c. Rationality; Irrationality

d. Irrationality; Rationality

Well-done surveys measure attitudes in a representative subset, or _________ of an entire group or a(n) ___________.

a. Population; Random Sample

b. Control Group; Experimental Group

c. Experimental Group; Control Group

d. Random Sample; Population

When interviewing a sampling of people about attitudes toward global terrorism, which of the following would I want to do if I wanted my sampling to be be random? I would ensure that my sampling of subjects included

a. Proportional amounts of each other

b. An equal number of male and female respondents

c. The same probability that each person in the population could be chosen

d. Widely different political attitudes to be fair to minorities

e. A large enough sample in case some refuse to take or finish the survey

When you see a graphed cluster of dots depicting the values and relationship of two different variables, you are seeing a visual description of relatedness called a

a. Standard Deviation Distribution

b. Histogram

c. Bar Graph

d. Percentile Distribution

e. Scatter-plot or Scatter-gram

Which type of research strategy would allow you to determine whether students' college grades accurately predict later income?

a. Case Study

b. Naturalistic Observation

c. Experimentation

d. Correlation

In an experiment to determine the effects of exercise on motivation, exercise is the

a. Control Condition

b. Intervening Variable

c. Independent Variable

d. Dependent Variable

In order to determine the effects of a new drug on memory, one group of subjects is given a pill that contains the drug. A second group is given a sugar pill that does not contain the drug. This second group constitutes the

a. Random Sampling

b. Experimental Group

c. Control Group

d. Test Group

In an experiment to determine the effects of attention on memory, memory is the

a. Control Condition

b. Intervening Variable

c. Independent Variable

d. Dependent Variable

Which of the following research strategies is best for determining whether alcohol causes memory impairment?

a. Case Study

b. Naturalistic Observation

C. Survey

d. Experiment

One major factor that separates the experimental method from correlational studies is that the experimental method

a. Seeks to discover cause-effect relationships

b. Studies few people in great depth

c. Observes peoplein their natural settings or environments

d. Helps to efficiently discover people

e. Shows a trend that actually means something

In a test of the effects of air pollution, groups of students performed a reaction-time task in a polluted or an upolluted room. To what conditions were students in the unpolluted room exposed?

a. Experimental

b. Control

c. Randomly Assigned

d. Dependent

Martina believes that high doses of caffeine slow a person's reaction time. In order to test this belief she has five friends each drink three 8-ounce cups of coffee and then measures their reaction time on a learning task. What is wrong with Martina's research strategy?

a. No independent variable is specified

b. No dependent variable is specified

c. There is no control condition

d. There is no provision for replication of the findings

In any experiment, the cause is called the __________, while the effect of result is called the __________.

a. Control; Outcome

b. Independent Variable; Dependent Variable

c. Stimulus; Placebo

d. Dependent Variable; Independent Variable

e. Random Sample; Representative Sample

A double-blind procedure would be critical for which of the following?

a. Surveying the drug use and abuse among public school students

b. Questionnaires describing telationships among family members

c. Comparison of intelligence scores of children from different educational settings

d. Timing the rate of learning for a pigeon getting rewarded on a variable versus a fixed schedule

e. Assessing the treatment designed to reduce schizophrenic symptoms

What is the mode of the following distribution of scores: 2,2,4,4,4,14?

a. 2

b. 4

c. 5

d. 6

What is the median of the following distribution of scores: 10,7,5,11,8,6,9?

a. 6

b. 7

c. 8

d. 9

What is the mean of the following distribution of scores: 2,3,7,6,4,4,9,5,8,2?

a. 5

b. 4

c. 4.7

d. 3.7

When considering a normal distribution of scores, what percentage of scores is equal to or below the mean?

a. 16%

b. 34%

c. 50%

d. 68%

e. 97.5%

The punter on a football team wants to determine how consistent his punting distances have been during the past season. He should compute the

a. Mean

b. Median

c. Mode

d. Standard Deviation

When the mean of a distribution of scores or measures is higher than the median the distribution will be

a. Symmetrical

b. Abnormally Deviant

c. Negatively Skewed

d. Positively Skewed

e. Unpredictable

A lopsided set of scores that includes a number of extreme or unusual values is said to be

a. Symmetrical

b. Normal

c. Skewed

d. Dispersed

Which of the following is the measure of central tendency that would be most affected by a few extreme scores?

a. Mean

b. Range

c. Median

d. Mode

When a difference between two groups is "statistically significant," this means that

a. The difference is statistically real but of little practical significance

b. The difference is probably the result of sampling variation

c. The difference is not likely due to chance variation

d. All of the above

Analyzing different strategies and approaches used in studying learning, memorizing, therapy, perception, loving, or any human process is exciting and intriguing. This "thinking about our thinking" appears to be unique to humans. This process is called

a. Intelligence

b. Metacognition

c. Interactive Introspection

d. Soul Searching

e. Parapsychology

If a student scored higher than 75% of the other studetns taking the same test scored, you know he or she

a. Ranked seventy fifth from the top scoring student

b. Answered 75% of the questions accurately

c. Obtained a percentile rank of seventy five on the test he or she took

d. Scored 75% higher than the lowest student's score

e. Scored 75% lower than the highest student's score