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| What makes psychological research scientific? |
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| precision, skepticism, reliance on empirical evidence, willingness to make risky predictions, openness. |
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| cognitive, psychoanalytic, humanistic, biological, socio-cultural |
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| and variable besides the independent that could influence the results of the experiment |
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| emphasized in cultures where something is expected in return for kindness |
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neurostransmitter that influences memory and learning.
when ACh is released, a muscle contracts (black widow bites)
when ACh is blocked, a muscle is paralyzed (botulin) |
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influences movement, learning, attention, emotion
too much dopamine=skizophrenia
too little dopamine=parkinson's |
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influences mood, hunger, sleep, arousal
too little seratonin=depression
therefore, antidepressants increase seratonin |
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alertness, arousal
undersupply can depress mood |
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#1 inhibitory transmitter
too little can cause insomnia, tremors and seizures |
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| excitatory neurotransmitter |
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INHIBIT
like botulin, botox, curare |
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| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors |
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| laterial vs. ventromedial hypothalamus |
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| go hunger vs. stop hunger |
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| measures ELECTRICAL charges from neurons firing |
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| measures which part of the brain is being used |
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magnetic field aligns atoms
once "messed up" show where they are concentrated |
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| regulate the activity of other neurons. |
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somatic and autonomic systems
sensry, motor, and interneurons
somatic=carries info to and from CNS
organs (skeletal, voluntary action)
autonomic=carries info to and from sensory organs and skelatal muscles ( automatic, involuntary actions) |
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brain and spinal chord
gathers information
processes information
produces responses to stimuli
coordinates working of cells |
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| produces reflex arCs like hand on stovve OUUWWW! |
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| sympathetic nervous system (awakens) and parasympatheic nervous system (calms) |
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| dendrites, soma, axon, axon terminals |
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DETECT
neurontransmitters, receivers |
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ANNOUNCE
info away from soma |
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| made up of all glands that pur chemicals into blood (hormones) |
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regulates growth
and functioning of other glands
esp. thyroid, adrenal, and overies
MASTER GLAND
the master has a master and is controlled by the hypothalamus |
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| releases melatonin (these levels rise at dusk and peak at midnight) |
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bodily functions
breathing
heart rate |
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a dense network of neurons that extends above the brain stem into the center of the brain and has connections with higher areas
alert/consciousness |
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| balance, coordinates muscles |
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TRAFFIC OFFICER of the brain
relays motor impulses
all senses' signals pass thu thalamus EXCEPT sense of smell |
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beneath the thalamus
hunger
thirst
motions
sex drive
reproduction
regulates body temp
controls autonomic nervous system |
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reduce pain, increase pleasure
most limit or prolong effects of neurotransmitters
increase when in pain or afraid |
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hormones (3rd chemical messengers)
other 2 are neurotransmitters and endorphins |
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produced by endocrine glands
adrenal=heat, stress, caffine |
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occipital-sight
parietal-sensory
temporal-hearing, memory, perception, emotion, speeh on left (Wernicke)
frontal-motor, Brocal (left, speech), planning, organization, personality ( Phineas Gage) |
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around thalamus, promotes survival of species
amygdala-FIGHTOR FLIGHT
hippocampus-gateway to memory
septum-inihbit bad behavior
hypothalamus-hunger |
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| psychinc numbness, automatic action (usually don't remember this), sense of great accomplishment, let-down, recover/adaption |
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| WHO COINED THE TERM FIGHT OR FLIGHT |
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| Alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
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| mental states and how it affacts our immune system |
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| BBBBone marrow antibodies to fight BBBB acterial infection |
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| BBBBone marrow antibodies to fight BBBB acterial infection |
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| TTTTheymus cancer cells and viruses |
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| captured and you start liking the people who took you |
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| epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline) |
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| the inner part of adrenal hormones are called synaptic nerve endings |
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| te outer part of the adrenal gland is caled the cortical part |
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| Hans Selye-alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
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| hippocampus_________ due to stress |
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trust vs mistrust (infant)
autonomy vs shame and doubt (toddler)
initiative vs guilt (3-5)
competency vs inferiority (elem.)
identity vs role confusion (adolescence)
intimacy vs isolation (young adult)
generativity vs stagnation (middle adult)
integrity vs despair (late adult) |
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| Law of Pragnanz (gestalt) |
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| we like the simplest pattern, smallest, easiest to look at, etc,, |
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soma=body
esthetic=feel
soo...routine activities like walking needs somesthetic info. |
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| pressure, touch, pain, cold, warm |
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| most everything is perpendicular, not slanted or circular |
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| eyes come together to look at somehting |
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| eyes can't focus on one point, go in two different directions |
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| perception of motion where none is occuring |
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| flashes make pictures look like they're moving |
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| turning physical in to something neural |
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| # of vibrations wave emits in a given amount of time |
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| how stong the sound is-peak to valley |
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1. soundwaves-inner ear-timpanic membrane, hammer, stirrup, cochlea vibrate
2. fluid wave causes basilar membrane to vibrate
3. BM converts vibrations into neural impulses
4. neural impulses into suditory cortex to auditory nerve |
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VISION/HEARING
wavelegnth
amplitude
composition |
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hue, brightness, pitch
pitch, loudness, timbre (complexity) |
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hammer, anvil, stirrup
COCHLEA |
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| iris, pupil, lens, retina, optic nerve |
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| muscle that controls the lens |
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opening in the iris through which light enters the eye.
amount of light allowed to enter the eye is determined by pupil, and controlled by ANS |
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transparent
bends to accomodate for amount of light coming in |
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bent light rays focus here
innermost layer
rods and cones inside |
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| convergence of nerve fibers at the blind spot leading to the brain |
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| ganglion, bipolar, cones, rods |
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