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| The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea that contains the anvil, stirrup, and hammer. They concentrate the vibrations on the eardrum towards the cochlea. |
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| The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina. |
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| The system for sensing the position and movement of body parts. |
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| A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the pupil's opening. |
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| The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness. |
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| The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. |
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| The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light. |
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The theory that the spinal cord contains a type of neurological "gate" which opens and closes to either allow or block pain signals to travel to the brain.
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| This theory of how we hear sounds states that there are pulses that travel up the auditory nerve, carrying the information about sound to the brain for processing, and that the rate of this pulse matched the frequency of whatever tone you are hearing exactly. We thus hear the tone because the pulse traveling up the auditory nerve matches the actual tone. Essentially, we are getting a copy of the real sound. |
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| The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time. |
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| The focal point in the retina, where all the cones cluster. |
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| These neurons in the brain are able to detect certain types of stimuli, like movements, shape, and angles, Without these, it would be difficult, if not impossible, to detect a round object, like a baseball, hurdling toward you at 90 miles per hour. |
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| Also known as the just noticeable difference (jnd), it is the minimum difference in stimulation that a person can detect 50 percent of the time. |
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| Retinal receptor cells in the fovea that detect color and work well in daylight situations. |
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| Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color. |
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| A device that converts sounds into electric signals, helps with hearing. |
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| A coiled tube in the inner ear through which soundwaves trigger neural impulses. The main part of the inner ear. |
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| Analysis that begins with no prior knowledge of a subject. Begins with the sensory receptors and then works up to the brain's integration of sensory information to form a schema. |
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| The point where the optic nerve leaves the eye, and we can't see. No receptor cells are there. |
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| The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus on an object far away. |
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| The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time. |
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| The theory of color that states that the retina contains three color receptors: one for red, blue, green, which together form all of the other colors we see. |
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The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage.
For example, if you are buying a new computer that costs $1,000 and you want to add more memory that increases the and the price $200 (a 20% increase), you might consider this too much additional money to spend. However, if you were buying a $300,000 house a $200 feature may seem like nothing. It might take an additional $10,000 to make you stop and think if it's too much to spend. In this example, the amount stays the same ($200), but the proportion changes and that's what makes the perceptual difference. |
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| The distance from one soundwave or light peak to another. |
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| The sense of body movement and position, and most importantly of balance. |
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| Conversion of one form of energy to another. |
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| Information processing that is first influenced by our experience and expectations. |
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| Below one's absolute threshold for constant awareness. |
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| A theory that says that the detection of a stimulus depends on both the intensity of the stimulus and the physical and psychological state of the individual. Your ability or likelihood to detect some stimulus is affected by the intensity of the stimulus (e.g., how loud a noise is) and your physical and psychological state (e.g., how alert you are). |
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| The principle that one sense may influence or interfere with another. |
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| Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. For example, when one smells an obnoxious dose of perfume or anything, but the smell eventually fades from your care because it has been so constant and is no longer something new. |
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| The process where our sensory receptors receive information (stimulus) from the outside environment. |
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| Retinal receptors that detect black and white and work best at night. |
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| The light-sensitive inner surface of our eye, the area in back of the eye that contains your rods and cones. Visual info processed here. |
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| The adjustable opening in the center of the eye where light enters. |
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| The activation of certain associations with other things. Often unconsciously done. Our responses are then predisposed. |
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| In hearing, the theory that we can link the pitch we hear with where the sound hints on the cochlear membrane. |
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| A tone's highs and lows, depending on frequency. |
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| The process of organizing and interpreting our stimuli. |
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| The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously. |
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| The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. |
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| The theory that opposing processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) combine to form our colors in our sight. |
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